Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41891439›Full record

ArticleJournal of medical virology2026

Diversity of Rhinovirus and Enterovirus Infections Among Pediatric Patients Hospitalized in Wisconsin, 2022-2023.

Hannah L Litwak, Carlos M Perez, Allen Bateman, Kyley Anhalt, Xiaoyan Lu, Shannon Rogers, Brian Emery, Terry Fei Fan Ng, Caelin Cubenas, Cria O Gregory and 4 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of medical virology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Hannah L LitwakWisconsin Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3874-7236
Carlos M PerezWisconsin Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Allen BatemanWisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madsion, Wisconsin, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1094-3980
Kyley AnhaltWisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madsion, Wisconsin, USA.
Xiaoyan LuNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Shannon RogersNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Brian EmeryNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Terry Fei Fan NgNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4815-8697
Caelin CubenasNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Cria O GregoryNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Clinton PadenNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Thomas HauptWisconsin Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Hannah L KirkingNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2662-3110
Hannah E SegaloffWisconsin Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

Funding

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1NU38OT000297-03-00) and administered by the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists.Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) 1NU38OT000297-03-00
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Severe rhinovirus (RV)/enterovirus (EV) respiratory infections in pediatric patients increased in the US during 2022-2023. This study aimed to characterize RV/EV genetic diversity among hospitalized children in Wisconsin and describe demographic and clinical factors of patients by RV/EV type. During September 2022-April 2023, five Wisconsin pediatric hospitals submitted five RV/EV-positive specimens weekly to CDC. Viral typing was performed using partial viral protein (VP) 4/VP2 (RV) and VP1 (EV) sequencing. Wisconsin Department of Health Services abstracted demographic, comorbid condition, and hospitalization course information from patient medical records. Ninety-six patients were included in this investigation. RV-C (n = 40, 42%) and RV-A (n = 31, 32%) were the most frequently detected species, with 46 RV and 5 EV types identified. The median age was 2.5 (IQR: 0.7-5.5) years. Seventy-one (74%) children had at least one comorbid condition. Asthma was more common among children with RV-C infections (n = 12, 30%) compared with other RVs (n = 3, 9%) (p = 0.02). RV-A and RV-C were important contributors to severe pediatric respiratory infection in Wisconsin. Molecular typing showed virus divergence typically observed during season-long investigations. Year-round molecular characterization is needed to better understand the contribution of RV/EV types to severe pediatric respiratory illness.

Indexed as

EnterovirusEnterovirus InfectionsGenetic VariationPicornaviridae InfectionsRespiratory Tract InfectionsRhinovirusChildChild, PreschoolFemaleGenotypeHospitalizationHumansInfantMalePhylogenyWisconsin

Identifiers

PMID41891439
PMCPMC13023022

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.