ArticleMicrobiologyOpen2026
A Pilot Study on the Prevalence and Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria in Chicken and Pork Meat Around Kathmandu District, Nepal.
Article in MicrobiologyOpen, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The increasing trend of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB) has been a major concern for the healthcare settings in Nepal and globally. In Nepal, previous studies on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have received limited attention to animal-sourced food, which represents a significant route for the zoonotic transmission of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. This study aimed to assess antibiotic resistance and multidrug resistance patterns of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from intestinal and gizzard samples of chicken and pork meat collected from five municipalities in Kathmandu. From 13 samples (11 chicken and 2 pork), a robust collection of 136 Gram-negative bacteria was isolated and subjected to susceptibility testing against 16 different antibiotics. The bacterial isolates, representing 11 distinct types, were successfully identified: Escherichia coli (33.82%) and Shigella spp. (11.76%) were the predominant bacteria, followed by Yersinia (8.8%), Citrobacter (8.8%), Proteus (8.8%), Klebsiella (5.1%), and Plesiomonas (5.1%), among others. Notably, the prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria was notably high, with half (50%) of the isolates exhibiting resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics. Additionally, 73.9% of E. coli, 14.28% of Klebsiella, 58.33% of Yersinia, and 41.67% of Citrobacter are found to be multidrug resistant. Thus, this study showed that the meat samples exhibited a high burden of MDR-GNB, indicating a high risk of food-borne illness and zoonotic transmission, calling for AMR monitoring and mitigation strategies.
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