Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41890933›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in psychology2026

The importance of a mathematical mindset in different academic disciplines.

Xiaoyu Xu, Jo Boaler, Jack A Dieckmann

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Xiaoyu XuSchool of Mathematics, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
Jo BoalerGraduate School of Education, Stanford University Graduate School of Education, Stanford, CA, United States.
Jack A DieckmannGraduate School of Education, Stanford University Graduate School of Education, Stanford, CA, United States.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study investigates how mathematical mindsets evolve in response to targeted pedagogical intervention, with a particular focus on disciplinary background. Drawing on data from a pre-post experimental design, we analyzed multiple dimensions of students' mathematical mindset and achievement across distinct academic majors, also considering gender. While overall group-level changes were limited, dimension-specific improvements-particularly in attitudes toward mistakes and foundational skills-were observed. Engineering and Technology students consistently outperformed peers in all mindset dimensions, with the most pronounced gains in growth orientation and problem-solving strategies. Gender effects were comparatively minor and often embedded within disciplinary trends. Correlational and regression analyses revealed only a weak and gender-dependent link between mindset and achievement. These findings challenge the assumption of uniform mindset malleability and highlight the need for context-aware, discipline-sensitive interventions. Mathematical mindsets are not monolithic but structured and mediated by educational background, suggesting that future efforts to foster productive mindsets should be differentiated by academic context and target specific belief dimensions.

Indexed as

educational interventiongendergrowth mindsetmajormathematical mindset

Identifiers

PMID41890933
PMCPMC13014478

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.