ReviewJournal of clinical and experimental dentistry2026
Time-Dependent Color Stability of Three Nanohybrid Resin Composites After Cigarette Smoke Exposure: An In Vitro Study.
Review in Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: To determine whether cigarette smoke exposure increases time-dependent color change (E00) in nanohybrid resin composites. Material and Methods: This experimental, comparative, longitudinal in vitro study prepared 45 disc-shaped specimens, allocated to three groups (n = 15): Filtek Z350 XT, IPS Empress Direct, and Forma. Specimens were exposed daily to the smoke of six cigarettes for 28 days in a custom-built exposure chamber. Color was recorded at baseline and after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days using a VITA Easyshade spectrophotometer in the CIELAB color space. The primary outcome was color change calculated with the CIEDE2000 formula (E00). Perceptibility (0.8) and clinical acceptability (1.8) thresholds were considered. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to evaluate the effect of time on E00. Results: E00 increased progressively over time for all three materials (main effect of time, p < 0.001). Forma presented the lowest mean E values throughout follow-up, Filtek Z350 XT showed intermediate values, and IPS Empress Direct exhibited the highest color change. From day 14 onwards, all materials exceeded the perceptibility threshold and a relevant proportion of specimens surpassed the clinical acceptability threshold, with increasing magnitudes up to day 28. Conclusions: Daily exposure to cigarette smoke produced a progressive and statistically significant increase in color change (E00) in all three nanohybrid resin composites evaluated, confirming that exposure time directly influences chromatic stability.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.