ChironRNA: Steric Clashes Resolution in RNA Structures via E(3)-Equivariant Diffusion.

Due to the limited resolution of experimental data, many determined RNA structures contain physically implausible geometries, such as severe steric clashes and missing atoms. Resolving these defects during RNA structure refinement remains a fundamental challenge. Structure dictates the function, so the geometric accuracy of RNA structure is critical for understanding biological mechanisms. However, traditional algorithms for correction have limitations because of the complexity of RNA structures. We propose ChironRNA, an all-atom diffusion model with E(3)-equivariant graph neural networks to perform RNA refinement by resolving steric clashes and completing missing atoms. In ChironRNA, we adopt a hierarchical approach, including both an all-atom diffusion model and a coarse-grained diffusion model where each nucleotide is represented by a five-point representation. Our pipeline consists of two stages: a training stage and a generation stage. The diffusion model regenerates clashing nucleotide atoms step by step by removing the noise predicted by EGNN. ChironRNA achieves an 80% clash reduction on more than 80% of the test set. It performs better on structures of less than 200 nucleotides, resulting in a high percentage of cases having over 80% clash reduction rate and 100% atom reconstruction rate. Our results demonstrate that ChironRNA successfully resolves steric clashes and rebuilds missing atoms with high precision, offering a robust solution where traditional fine-tuning or enumerative approaches fail.