Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41889450›Full record

ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2026

Utilizing Process Mapping as a Framework for Identifying and Prioritizing Barriers to Antibiotic Delivery in Resource-limited Settings.

Elizabeth A Gulleen, Johnblack Kabukye, Maiya Grace Block Ngaybe, Fred Bwogi, Constance Namirembe, Catherine Liu, Jackson Orem, Warren Phipps

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Elizabeth A GulleenDivision of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0035-5015
Johnblack KabukyeUganda Cancer Institute, Kampala, Uganda.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7864-1858
Maiya Grace Block NgaybeMel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1251-4618
Fred BwogiHutchinson Research Institute Uganda, Kampala, Uganda.
Constance NamirembeHutchinson Research Institute Uganda, Kampala, Uganda.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5979-8465
Catherine LiuVaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-4822
Jackson OremUganda Cancer Institute, Kampala, Uganda.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5366-9010
Warren PhippsVaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3564-8571

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In resource-limited settings, healthcare providers face unique structural barriers to antibiotic delivery. Process mapping (PM) is a low-cost, low-technology approach used to understand the antibiotic delivery process and systematically identify barriers to timely antibiotic initiation. In this paper, we will use a 5-phase PM framework to provide the readers with a guide to developing antibiotic delivery process maps, identifying barriers to antibiotic delivery, and prioritizing the order in which these barriers should be addressed. We will then use our experience at the Uganda Cancer Institute in Kampala, Uganda as a case study to describe how we used PM to identify barriers to antimicrobial delivery for patients with neutropenic fever. We will also provide information about how to use low-cost supplies and open-access software to develop and analyze the process map. By the end of the paper, the reader will have the necessary tools to develop and analyze their own antibiotic delivery process maps. This will allow the reader to systematically identify barriers to antimicrobial delivery and understand how to prioritize which barriers to address using targeted interventions.

Indexed as

antibiotic deliveryantimicrobial stewardshipinfectionsneutropenic feverprocess mapping

Identifiers

PMID41889450
PMCPMC13015913

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.