Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41888926›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of health geographics2026

Geospatial and multilevel analysis of lifetime HIV testing uptake among high-risk adults in Mozambique: evidence from the 2022-2023 DHS.

Thomas Kidanemariam Yewodiaw, Helen Lamesgin Endalew, Mihret Getnet, Amare Belete Getahun, Tiget Ayelgn Mengstie, Engidaw Fentahun Enyew, Mequanent Dessie Bitewa, Hiwot Tezera Endale, Tseganesh Asefa

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of health geographics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Thomas Kidanemariam YewodiawAmhara Region Emergency Operation Center, Medical Officer at International Medical Corps, Gondar Field Office, Gondar, Ethiopia. thomaskmariam28@gmail.com.
Helen Lamesgin EndalewDepartment of Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Mihret GetnetDepartment of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Amare Belete GetahunDepartment of Anesthesia, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Tiget Ayelgn MengstieDepartment of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Engidaw Fentahun EnyewDepartment of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Mequanent Dessie BitewaDepartment of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
Hiwot Tezera EndaleDepartment of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Tseganesh AsefaArmauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundHIV testing is a critical entry point for prevention and treatment, yet disparities in uptake persist among high-risk populations in Mozambique. This study investigates the prevalence, spatial distribution, and determinants of lifetime HIV testing among high-risk adults aged 15-49 using 2022-2023 DHS data.

methodsA cross-sectional analysis of 15,393 high-risk adults was conducted. Descriptive statistics, spatial analyses (Moran's I, hotspot analysis, Kriging interpolation, SaTScan), and multilevel logistic regression models were applied to identify individual- and community-level factors associated with HIV testing uptake. We estimated the weighted prevalence of lifetime HIV testing uptake. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals were reported to measure the association between explanatory variables and HIV testing uptake, while statistical significance was determined using p-values < 0.05.

resultsOverall, 63.7% of high-risk adults had ever tested for HIV. Testing uptake was higher among females (66%) than males (57%), and among urban (76%) versus rural residents (56%). The highest testing rate was in the 25-34 age group (78%) and lowest among adolescents 15-19 years (31%). Wealth, education, marital status, employment, media exposure, and HIV knowledge positively influenced testing. Significant regional disparities were observed, with southern provinces (Maputo City 87.7%) showing higher uptake than northern and central provinces (Zambezia 44.9%). Spatial analysis confirmed strong clustering (Moran's I = 0.78, p < 0.001), identifying low-testing hotspots in northern and central rural areas. Multilevel modeling showed individual and community factors explained 62.9% of between-cluster variance, with females (AOR = 2.39), higher education (AOR = 6.44), marriage (AOR = 4), and urban residence (AOR = 1.58) significantly increasing odds of testing.

conclusionHIV testing uptake in Mozambique remains uneven across socio-demographic and geographic groups. Targeted and equity-focused interventions are needed to expand testing among adolescents, men, rural populations, and residents of northern and central provinces. Strengthening community-based testing services, improving health education, and addressing geographic barriers will be essential for accelerating progress toward national HIV control targets.

Indexed as

HIV InfectionsHIV TestingPatient Acceptance of Health CareAdolescentAdultCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedMozambiqueMultilevel AnalysisRisk FactorsSpatial AnalysisYoung AdultHigh-risk adultsHIV testing uptakeMozambiqueMultilevel modelingSpatial analysis

Identifiers

PMID41888926
PMCPMC13147627

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.