ArticleBMC nephrology2026
The impacts of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers on rates of acute kidney injury in hospitalized adults receiving multiple nephrotoxins.
Article in BMC nephrology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDiscontinuation of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ACEI/ARBs) is a common component of many nephrotoxin-associated acute kidney injury (NA-AKI) prevention strategies, though their intrinsic nephrotoxic potential has been increasingly challenged. We hypothesized that ACEI/ARBs would associate with increased overall AKI and stage 2/3 AKI in hospitalized adults receiving multiple nephrotoxins.
methodsThis retrospective cohort study included adult patients admitted to the University of Iowa Hospital for ≥ 3 days from 2014 to 2022. We compared patients receiving 2 nephrotoxins to patients receiving 3, with one being an ACEI/ARB. This allowed us to compare patients not counted as having a high nephrotoxin exposure to a group that would due to an additional ACEI/ARB. The primary outcome was AKI within 7 days of initial exposure. Secondary outcomes included stage 2/3 AKI and AKI occurring within 3 and 14 days of initial exposure. Generalized estimating equations with robust standard errors were used to estimate associations and incorporated inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) based on 30 clinical covariates.
resultsThe primary analysis included 15,438 patients exposed to two non-ACEI/ARB nephrotoxins, of which 1,106 (7.2%) also received an ACEI/ARB. Groups were well-matched after IPTW. Adjusted risk of AKI was 25% (95% CI 22-29%) in the ACEI/ARB group, and 20% (19-21%) in the comparator group (adjusted odds ratio 1.35, 95% CI 1.07-1.71). In contrast, ACEI/ARB exposure was not associated with increased risk of stage 2/3 AKI.
conclusionsIn a cohort of hospitalized patients receiving multiple nephrotoxic agents, ACEI/ARBs were associated with higher risks of AKI, but not higher rates of stage 2/3 AKI.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.