Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41885933›Full record

ArticlePediatric cardiology2026

Transforming Pediatric Cardiology Fellowship Education: Multi-center Outcomes of the MACH-3 Virtual Reality Program for HLHS.

Amanda D McCormick, Benjamin W Pritz, Sunkyung Yu, Ray E Lowery, David M Axelrod, Maria Batsis, David W Brown, Ariya Chau, Karim A Diab, Matthew L Dove and 12 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Pediatric cardiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

22 authors.

Amanda D McCormickDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. acdelong@med.umich.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4874-854X
Benjamin W PritzDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
Sunkyung YuDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
Ray E LoweryDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
David M AxelrodLighthaus Inc, Long Beach, CA, USA.
Maria BatsisDepartment of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
David W BrownDepartment of Pediatric Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Ariya ChauDepartment of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
Karim A DiabLurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
Matthew L DoveVanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
Eunice HahnCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
Stephanie S HandlerChildren's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA.
Elizabeth E LaSalleDivision of Pediatric Cardiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
Felina K MilleChildren's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
David A ParraVanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
Sonali S PatelUniversity of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA.
Alyson R PierickChildren's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Ryan A RomansDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.
Arash SalavitabarNationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
David K WerhoDivision of Pediatric Cardiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
Hunter C WilsonChildren's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Sonal T OwensDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Previous work has shown that virtual reality (VR) curricula can improve basic understanding of congenital heart disease. The efficacy of using VR to teach more complex cardiac anatomy and physiology, such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), is unknown. First-year fellows from thirteen pediatric cardiology fellowship programs participated in this study and were included in an intervention group or a control group. The intervention group completed the Michigan Anatomic Congenital Heart in 3D (MACH-3) curriculum. Both groups then completed a validated assessment tool. The total assessment score was calculated by summing the number of questions that participants answered correctly, ranging from 0 to 29. The difference in total assessment scores between the groups was examined using two-sample t-test and Cohen’s d effect size. A total of 56 fellows were included in the analysis. Participants in the intervention group achieved higher mean total assessment scores (n = 25, 23.8 ± 3.0 questions correct out of 29) than those in the control group (n = 31, 21.7 ± 3.9 questions correct) (p = 0.04), with a moderate effect size of 0.58. Most participants in the intervention group reported the curriculum was easy to use (96%) and enjoyable (92%), and all felt the curriculum improved their knowledge base (100%). In a multi-center educational study, a VR curriculum was shown to improve pediatric cardiology fellow knowledge of HLHS anatomy and physiology while receiving nearly universally positive feedback from participants. Future directions include expansion to include other complex cardiac lesions and investigation of incorporation of VR into fellowship curricula.

Indexed as

Congenital heart diseaseHypoplastic left heart syndrome.Medical educationPediatric cardiologyVirtual reality

Identifiers

PMID41885933

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.