Observational studyThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2026
Associations of endocrine disrupting chemicals with anogenital distance across infancy.
Observational study in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Associations of endocrine disrupting chemicals with anogenital distance across infancy.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Observational
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
contextPregnant women are ubiquitously exposed to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Anogenital distance (AGD) is a hormone-dependent marker of reproductive system development.
objectiveWe evaluated associations of maternal EDCs with infant AGD at birth and mini-puberty (5 months), and AGD growth across infancy.
designPregnant women enrolled in I-KIDS (Illinois Kids Development Study)-an observational longitudinal study (2013-2019).
settingParticipants were recruited from two OBGyn clinics in Champaign-Urbana, IL. PATIENTS OR OTHER
participantsThis study includes 563 mother/infant pairs at birth and 5-months of age. INTERVENTION(S)/EXPOSURE: We measured 10 phthalates/replacements and nine phenols in five pooled first-morning urine samples collected across pregnancy.
main outcome measuresIn newborns and 5-month-olds, we divided short and long AGD measures by body length (termed anogenital index, AGI) and calculated %AGI growth across infancy. We evaluated covariate-adjusted associations of phthalates/replacements or phenols separately (quantile g-computation) or combined (hierarchical Bayesian kernel machine regression), with AGI measures.
resultsAssociations of phthalates/replacements with newborn AGI in females and phenols in males were inconsistent. However, in 5-month-old females, each quartile increase in the phthalate/replacement mixture was associated with -4.13 mm/m shorter AGIShort (95% confidence interval (CI): -7.22, -1.05), -3.89 mm/m shorter AGILong (95%CI: -7.55, -0.23), -39.49% less AGIShort growth (95%CI: -62.44, -16.54), and -8.78% less AGILong growth (95%CI: -16.06, -1.51); associations with AGILong growth were strongest at lower mixture quantiles.
conclusionAGD in mini-puberty and growth across infancy may reflect EDC-mediated hormonal disruption in utero, particularly in females, supporting the need to investigate these markers as predictors of long-term reproductive health.
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