Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41885414›Full record

ArticleJournal of extracellular vesicles2026

Leishmania Extracellular Vesicles as a Preventive Vaccine Platform Against Leishmaniasis.

Ismail Cem Yilmaz, Ibrahim Tokmak, Muzaffer Yildirim, Tugce Canavar Yildirim, Elif Sena Ozkoc, Irem Evcili, Emre Mert Ipekoglu, İhsan Cihan Ayanoglu, Emre Dunuroglu, Dicle Caliskan and 15 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of extracellular vesicles, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

25 authors.

Ismail Cem YilmazDEU Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, DEU Saglik Kampusu, Izmir, Türkiye.
Ibrahim TokmakDEU Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, DEU Saglik Kampusu, Izmir, Türkiye.
Muzaffer YildirimDEU Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, DEU Saglik Kampusu, Izmir, Türkiye.
Tugce Canavar YildirimDEU Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, DEU Saglik Kampusu, Izmir, Türkiye.
Elif Sena OzkocDEU Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, DEU Saglik Kampusu, Izmir, Türkiye.
Irem EvciliDEU Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, DEU Saglik Kampusu, Izmir, Türkiye.
Emre Mert IpekogluDepartment of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye.
İhsan Cihan AyanogluDepartment of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye.
Emre DunurogluDepartment of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye.
Dicle CaliskanDEU Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, DEU Saglik Kampusu, Izmir, Türkiye.
Harun OnlerDEU Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, DEU Saglik Kampusu, Izmir, Türkiye.
Zeynep ArzumDEU Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, DEU Saglik Kampusu, Izmir, Türkiye.
Ceren UlkerDEU Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, DEU Saglik Kampusu, Izmir, Türkiye.
Olcay MertDEU Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, DEU Saglik Kampusu, Izmir, Türkiye.
Ridvan OrkutDEU Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, DEU Saglik Kampusu, Izmir, Türkiye.
Ibrahim Oguzhan TarmanDEU Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, DEU Saglik Kampusu, Izmir, Türkiye.
Ulku GulerDepartment of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye.
Bekir SalihDepartment of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye.
Volkan YazarMolecular Biology and Genetics Department, Bilkent University, Ankara, Türkiye.
Gokcen OzgunInstitute of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Türkiye.
Serap BirinciogluDEU Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, DEU Saglik Kampusu, Izmir, Türkiye.
Ahmet OzbilginSchool of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Türkiye.
Bilgi GungorDEU Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, DEU Saglik Kampusu, Izmir, Türkiye.
Ihsan GurselDEU Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, DEU Saglik Kampusu, Izmir, Türkiye.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3761-1166
Mayda GurselDEU Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, DEU Saglik Kampusu, Izmir, Türkiye.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0044-9054

Funding

Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye 115S073Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye 219S678Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye 22AG013TUBITAK 115S073TUBITAK 219S678TUBITAK 22AG013
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania spp., is one of the most neglected tropical diseases and poses a serious threat to public health, accounting for at least one million new cases each year. There is no available human vaccine. In this study, we explored the potential of Leishmania extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a vaccine platform, employing a production and purification method to aid clinical translation and facilitate vaccine development in an affordable setting. Immunization with Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum EVs elicited robust humoral and cellular immune responses, providing protection and cross-protection against live parasite challenge in selected susceptible BALB/c mouse infection models. Inclusion of specific adjuvants significantly influenced vaccination outcome, highlighting the importance of adjuvant choice in determining effective protection versus susceptibility. Our findings demonstrate the potential of EVs not only for the prevention of leishmaniasis but also for broader applications in combating other protozoan infections.

Indexed as

Extracellular VesiclesLeishmaniaLeishmania infantumLeishmania majorLeishmaniasisLeishmaniasis VaccinesAnimalsFemaleHumansImmunity, CellularMiceMice, Inbred BALB CVaccinationLeishmaniasis Vaccinesadjuvantleishmanianeglected tropical diseaseparasiteprotection

Identifiers

PMID41885414
PMCPMC13140408

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.