SynthesisFrontiers in immunology2026
The clinical trial landscape of osteosarcoma: integrating trial data, immunotherapeutic trends, and biomarker insights.
Synthesis in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Gene-based immunotherapy in osteosarcoma: from oncolytic vectors to engineered immune cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Osteosarcoma, the most aggressive primary malignant bone tumor, has stagnant therapeutic outcomes despite decades of standard MAP chemotherapy and surgery; 5-year overall survival (OS) is <30% for metastatic/recurrent cases. Plagued by genomic heterogeneity, immunosuppressive TME, and low immunogenicity, emerging immunotherapies lack robust large-scale clinical validation. We systematically analyzed 864 interventional osteosarcoma trials from Trialtrove (as of September 2025). Results showed trial numbers peaked at 54 in 2021, with 77.3% past (completed/terminated) and over 94% in phase I/II (only 3.6% phase III-IV). Geographically, the U.S. dominated (60.9%, focusing on immunotherapy/targeted therapy), while low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) accounted for <2% of trials despite bearing 40% of the global disease burden. Conventional chemotherapy remains the cornerstone, with immuno-oncology (540 trials) as the leading novel strategy; top targets include VEGFR2 (104), PD-1 (70), and mTOR (60). Biomarker use was imbalanced: liver/nutritional markers prevailed, while key immune/genomic biomarkers (CD8A, TP53) were underrepresented (<8% combined). Key challenges include severe trial-phase imbalance, global disparities, and preclinical-clinical gaps; opportunities lie in synergistic novel therapies (ICI combinations, GD2-targeted CAR-T) and decentralized clinical trials (DCT). Future priorities: accelerate late-phase trials for promising regimens, reduce global disparities via regional consortia, integrate precision biomarkers for patient stratification, and translate TME insights into trials. This analysis highlights the need to shift from conventional chemotherapy optimization to precision-driven, globally equitable strategies to improve outcomes for high-risk osteosarcoma patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.