ArticleFrontiers in surgery2026
Wrinkle reduction in forehead and glabella regions after subcutaneous forehead lift: a retrospective analysis using the wrinkle assessment scale.
Article in Frontiers in surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Horizontal forehead and glabellar wrinkles are key indicators of upper facial aging. Various non-surgical and surgical treatments exist; however, quantitative evidence regarding their effectiveness remains lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of SFL in improving forehead and glabellar wrinkles using the validated Wrinkle Assessment Scale (WAS). Methods: This retrospective study examined the medical records of patients who underwent SFL with a pretrichial incision at a single institution between January 2015 and September 2024. Wrinkle scores of forehead and glabella were assessed using the WAS preoperatively and at the last postoperative follow-up. Comparison of the degree of score improvement between the forehead and the glabella was carried out. Inter-rater reliability was examined in a random subset of 100 patients using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Postoperative complications were also collected. Results: A total of 697 patients were included in this study. Significant reductions in forehead and glabellar wrinkle scores were observed postoperatively. The forehead and glabellar wrinkle scores improved from 2.47 ± 1.29 and 2.14 ± 0.92 preoperatively to 1.52 ± 0.96 and 1.47 ± 0.83 postoperatively, respectively. When comparing the degree of pre-to-postoperative improvement between the two regions, the mean improvement was greater in the forehead (0.95 ± 0.85) than in the glabella (0.67 ± 0.65). Inter-rater reliability demonstrated excellent agreement (ICC = 0.954 for forehead; 0.941 for glabella). Minor complications were present in a few patients; however, no significant long-term complications were observed. Conclusion: The SFL is a safe and effective procedure for wrinkle reduction in the forehead and glabellar regions. This technique demonstrated significant anti-aging benefits, with a low complication rate, presenting an effective option for managing forehead and glabellar wrinkles.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.