ArticleTherapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism2026
The WATCH-DM integer-based risk score identifies risk of all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study.
Article in Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: The WATCH-DM integer-based risk score (WATCH-DM(i)) was originally developed and validated to predict heart failure (HF) hospitalization risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, its potential association with all-cause mortality in patients without HF remains unclear. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic utility of the WATCH-DM(i) score for all-cause mortality in a real-world outpatient cohort of T2DM patients without known HF. Design: This was a retrospective observational cohort study with national mortality registry linkage performed at a single center. Methods: We analyzed data from 449 adults with T2DM enrolled in a hospital-based cohort between 2016 and 2022. The WATCH-DM(i) score was calculated according to the original published integer-based model reported by Segar et al., using clinical and laboratory parameters. Patients were stratified into four risk groups based on their score. All-cause mortality data were obtained via national linkage. Cox regression models, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, landmark analysis, and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves were used to assess mortality risk. Results: Over a median follow-up of 61 months, 39 patients (8.7%) died. Each 1-point increase in the WATCH-DM(i) score was associated with a 29% higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR: 1.287, 95% CI: 1.151-1.439, Conclusion: The WATCH-DM(i) score is a robust prognostic marker of 5-year all-cause mortality in T2DM patients without HF and may serve as a practical tool for risk stratification in outpatient settings.
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