ArticleData in brief2026
AI adoption in Spain (2023-2025): A web-derived dataset based on LLMs.
Article in Data in brief, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- AI adoption in Spain (2023-2025): A web-derived dataset based on LLMs.Data in brief · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This article introduces a nationwide dataset that maps how 112,814 Spanish firms communicate and implement artificial intelligence (AI) on their corporate websites in 2023 and 2025, resulting in 225,628 firm-year observations. Using a systemic pipeline based on large language models (LLMs), website text is segmented, semantically filtered, and evaluated with a structured rubric to identify explicit evidence of AI use in internal processes and in products or services. The dataset offers a detailed portrait of AI adoption across regions (NUTS 3), industries, and firm size categories. For each province-sector-size combination, it reports whether firms adopt AI, whether they apply it internally, whether it is embedded in their offerings, and how many firms have valid website content. This multi-dimensional structure enables users to explore territorial patterns, sectoral differences, and size-related disparities in the uptake of AI. By providing indicators for two benchmark years, the dataset supports the study of how AI adoption evolves across the Spanish business landscape. It offers a reproducible and scalable foundation for research on technological diffusion, regional digitalisation, and industry-level transformation, and can be readily extended to future years or adapted to other countries.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.