ArticleJournal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association2026
Exploring the Experiences of Families Impacted by the 2022 Commercial Milk Formula (CMF) Food Insecurity Crisis in the United States of America: A Scoping Review.
Article in Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundIn the United States, the sociocultural reliance on commercial milk formula is prevalent from birth. Published data reveals that many parents and caregivers commence early initiation of commercial milk formula-feeding earlier than global health recommendations. The unprecedented shortage of commercial milk formula in 2022 exposed inadequacies in the infant food system and prompted adverse infant feeding challenges for parents and caregivers. RESEARCH
aimTo examine the experiences of families affected by the 2022 commercial milk formula food insecurity crisis in the United States.
methodThe scoping review was guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review methodology and six databases were searched: CINAHL, MEDLINE, Scopus, ProQuest, and Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Database. This process generated 265 results with 174 full-text papers reviewed, and 18 articles retained for synthesis. Extracted data were examined following Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis framework.
resultsFour themes were constructed: feelings of failure, vulnerable supply chains, making the most of availability, and lack of support for breastfeeding and relactation. The lack of support for relactation and breastfeeding was a recurrent issue for parents and caregivers. Commercial milk formula scarcity led to its adaptation with potentially significant health risks for these infants.
conclusionThe fragility of infant nutrition and food security in a commercial milk formula-reliant culture has been highlighted. The importance of national emergency preparedness and government policies that support parents and caregivers to have equitable and reliable access to commercial milk formula where indicated is demonstrated.
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