ArticleBMC psychology2026
Development and validation of Mental Illness-Caregiving Impact Questionnaire (MI-CIQ) for caregivers of mentally ill individuals.
Article in BMC psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundThere is a noticeable lack of culturally appropriate instruments to assess the factors influencing caregivers of individuals with mental illnesses in Pakistan. Therefore, the current study was designed to develop a valid tool for measuring caregiving impact among caregivers of individuals with mental illness.
methodThe development process involves multiple steps, including exploring the construct, generating an item pool, conducting item reduction, and establishing the scale’s psychometric properties. Items were generated by conducting semi-structured interviews with 12 caregivers (4 Men & 8 Women), and an initial pool of 55 items was made and validated by nine experts. For the psychometric evaluation of Mental Illness-CIQ, 939 caregivers of patients diagnosed with mental illnesses were purposively drawn from inpatient and outpatient psychiatric units of public sector hospitals of Faisalabad and Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. The sample was divided for analysis purposes: An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted on 389 participants (57% women), followed by a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) on a separate sample of 550 participants (61% women). The age range of the patients for whom these caregivers provided care was between 18 and 60 years. Demographic information sheet, General Health Questionnaire, Brief COPE, and the University of Washington Caregiver Stress Scale Short Version were used to establish construct validity.
resultsEFA resulted in four factors (Psychosocial Affliction, Coping Tactics, Embracing the Reality, and Blaming the Mentally Ill), and those factors were confirmed using CFA: χ²/df = 2.63/201, RMSEA = 0.05, CFI = 0.93, NFI = 0.90, IFI = 0.93, and Tucker-Lewis TLI = 0.92. Mental Illness-CIQ was found to have excellent internal consistency (α = 0.93), strong test-retest reliability, and construct validity.
conclusionMental Illness-Caregiving Impact Questionnaire proves to be a valid and reliable measure for individuals caring for those with mental illness. This will facilitate the understanding of mental health professionals, researchers, and policymakers of the challenges, issues, and positive aspects associated with caregiving.
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