Observational studyBMC ophthalmology2026
Study on fundus characteristics of preschool children based on artificial intelligence quantitative technology.
Observational study in BMC ophthalmology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Albuminuria, kidney function, and automatically quantified retinal vascular phenotypes in hospitalized adults with type 2 diabetes.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe study aimed to establish the first artificial intelligence (AI)-based quantitative reference standard for fundus characteristics in 3–5-year-old preschool children, analyzing microstructural features and their correlations with myopia biomarkers to inform age-stratified standards and early myopia warning.
methodsThis cross-sectional observational study involved healthy preschoolers (3–5 years) without ocular/systemic disorders affecting refraction. 45° fovea-centered fundus images were captured via handheld camera, and a TransUnet model automated segmentation/quantification of optic disc/cup, retinal vasculature, and fundus tessellated density (FTD). Refractive parameters including spherical equivalent (SE), axial length (AL), and corneal curvature were measured, with statistical analyses exploring age-related variations and correlations.
resultsAge-stratified reference intervals were defined. Optic disc/cup parameters (median area: 2.60 mm², Cup-to-Disc Area Ratio: 0.23) showed no age-group differences (P > 0.05). Retinal vascular parameters varied with age, while macular FTD exhibited zonal age differences (P < 0.05) and correlated positively with AL (r = 0.141–0.207, P < 0.05). SE associated positively with vessel density/tortuosity (r = 0.128–0.280, P < 0.05), but FTD did not correlate with SE (P > 0.05).
conclusionsThis study integrated AI with fundus imaging to establish quantitative fundus parameter datasets, defining age-stratified references and refractive correlations. Findings provide a scientific basis for pediatric myopia early warning and preventive interventions by identifying anatomical correlations between fundus parameters and refractive development.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.