ArticleEnvironmental science and pollution research international2026
Pharmaceutical adsorption and ex-situ electro-regeneration performance of magnetically modified activated carbon.
Article in Environmental science and pollution research international, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Abstract
This study investigated the impact of iron (Fe) modification on the physicochemical and adsorption properties of powdered activated carbon (M-PAC) for pharmaceutical removal, as well as the ex-situ electro-regeneration of pharmaceutical-laden M-PAC. The objectives were to (i) examine the adsorption capacity of Fe-modified M-PAC for ciprofloxacin (CIP) and ibuprofen (IBU) in deionized water, (ii) assess adsorption capacity in wastewater effluent, and (iii) evaluate ex-situ electro-regeneration of spent M-PAC. Fe-modification improved PAC's settling velocity by 1.7 times compared to pristine PAC, enabling easier separation without filtration or coagulation/flocculation, which benefits regeneration processes. M-PAC also exhibited more linear adsorption isotherms than pristine PAC, offering consistent and predictable adsorption behavior across varying CIP and IBU concentrations. In wastewater effluent, adsorption decreased by 28% for CIP and 67% for IBU due to stronger competition from effluent organics. Despite this reduction, Freundlich adsorption capacities of 28.7 mg/g for CIP and 15.47 mg/g for IBU were achieved. Electro-regeneration restored up to 100% of adsorption capacity within 60-180 min over a single regeneration cycle. IBU desorbed rapidly within the first hour, while CIP required longer treatment due to stronger interactions with the carbon surface. In mixed-solute systems, regeneration efficiency was reduced by approximately 25% for IBU and up to 65% for CIP, likely from competitive desorption and differing molecular affinities for M-PAC. The calculated energy consumption for electro-regeneration of spent M-PAC was < 0.2 kWh/g, making it more competitive than existing regeneration methods. Overall, the results demonstrate that Fe-modification enhances PAC's separation and adsorption characteristics while enabling effective ex-situ electro-regeneration. Adsorbent surface properties, along with pharmaceutical molecular structure, charge, and polarity, critically influence adsorption behavior and regeneration kinetics. These findings highlight the potential of Fe-modified PAC as a reusable adsorbent for pharmaceutical removal in water treatment.
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