ArticleUltrasonics sonochemistry2026
Extraction strategies integrated with digitalization processes for the characterization of proteins from broad bean and red beetroot waste leaves.
Article in Ultrasonics sonochemistry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
A real-time monitored Internet of Things (IoT)-integrated ultrasound-assisted extraction laboratory-scale prototype was developed and evaluated as a green and scalable processing platform for the recovery of high-value compounds from food-grade plant by-products. The key novelty of this study lies in the integration of IoT-based process monitoring and control with ultrasound-assisted extraction, enabling reproducible and energy-efficient recovery of proteins and bioactive compounds from plant matrices. Leaves of Vicia faba L. (broad bean) and Beta vulgaris L. (red beetroot), characterized by a protein content exceeding 30% of dry matter, were selected as representative raw materials. Ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction yielded protein-rich extracts with mildly acidic pH values (5.94-6.81) and low electrical conductivity (0.043-4.355 mS/cm), indicating minimal matrix degradation and favourable processing conditions. The extracts contained water-soluble flavonoids, free amino acids, and proteins at concentrations suitable for further food and bioproduct applications. Proteomic profiling by nanoLC-MS/MS revealed the presence of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase as the dominant chloroplast protein, alongside hundreds of additional water-soluble proteins originating from multiple plant cell compartments, confirming the broad extraction capability of the ultrasound-assisted system. Continuous IoT-based monitoring ensured stable operating conditions and process reproducibility throughout extraction. The results demonstrate that the proposed IoTenabled ultrasound-assisted extraction prototype represents an effective green technology for the valorisation of plant-based by-products and shows strong potential for process optimization and scale-up toward industrial applications.
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