ReviewClinical transplantation and research2026
Mortality and graft loss in face transplantation: lessons from two decades of experience.
Review in Clinical transplantation and research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
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Abstract
Despite major advances in medicine, defects of the face and extremities caused by burns, trauma, congenital anomalies, or malignancy-related surgery remain a formidable challenge for surgeons. These conditions severely limit patients' quality of life by impairing function, creating disfigurement, and causing psychological distress, social difficulties, and diminished self-esteem. In particular, the loss of motor and sensory function complicates treatment and recovery. Vascularized composite allotransplantation has emerged as a promising option, offering restoration of form and function, although its benefits are accompanied by considerable risks. This review analyzes mortality in all face transplants reported worldwide since the first procedure in 2005, encompassing 51 procedures (including revisions) identified in PubMed/Medline up to September 2025. The findings show that complications related to immunosuppression, such as infection, malignancy, and acute and chronic rejection, as well as patient-related and psychological issues remain major contributors to adverse outcomes, including mortality. Mortality in face transplantation highlights the need for refined immunosuppressive regimens, improved patient selection, and comprehensive multidisciplinary support to optimize long-term survival and quality of life.
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