ArticleMolecular biology reports2026
Bee venom-derived exosomes combined with metronidazole: antimicrobial effect on Campylobacter jejuni and fibroblast wound healing model.
Article in Molecular biology reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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5 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundCampylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, and its increasing resistance to antibiotics highlights the urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies.
methodsThis study investigates the antibacterial, antibiofilm, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing effects of bee venom-derived exosomes (BVE), alone and in combination with metronidazole, against Campylobacter jejuni. Exosomes were isolated from bee venom. Their morphology was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, and fractional inhibitory concentration methods. A fibroblast wound infection model was developed to evaluate the effect on cell viability (MTT assay), oxidative stress (TOS/TAC), cytokine release (IL-1β, IL-10), and apoptosis-related gene expression (BAX, BCL-2).
resultsThe results demonstrated that both BVE and metronidazole possess antibacterial and antibiofilm activity, with the combination treatment showing additive effect (inhibition zone: 20 mm, biofilm inhibition: 82.6%). The combined treatment significantly decreased oxidative stress markers and IL-1β levels, while increasing IL-10 and total antioxidant capacity. Gene expression analysis showed that the treatment reduced pro-apoptotic BAX levels and upregulated anti-apoptotic BCL-2 expression, contributing to improved cell survival and wound regeneration.
conclusionBee venom-derived exosomes, especially when combined with metronidazole, exhibit strong potential as an alternative or adjunct therapeutic approach against Campylobacter jejuni infection. These findings suggest that BVE may offer a novel strategy to combat antibiotic resistance and promote tissue repair in bacterial gastroenteritis.
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