Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41878432›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026

Structure and immunological activity of QS-21 variant from

Ricardo San Martín, Yuzhong Liu, Yihan Yang, Christopher B Fox, L Ravi Iyer, Raodoh Mohamath, Gabi Ramer-Denisoff, Robert Kinsey, Jeffrey A Guderian, Jessica Schwabach and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Ricardo San MartínSutardja Center for Entrepreneurship and Technology, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
Yuzhong LiuDepartment of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.
Yihan YangDepartment of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.
Christopher B FoxAccess to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), Seattle, WA, United States.
L Ravi IyerAccess to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), Seattle, WA, United States.
Raodoh MohamathAccess to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), Seattle, WA, United States.
Gabi Ramer-DenisoffAccess to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), Seattle, WA, United States.
Robert KinseyAccess to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), Seattle, WA, United States.
Jeffrey A GuderianAccess to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), Seattle, WA, United States.
Jessica SchwabachSutardja Center for Entrepreneurship and Technology, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
Siwen DengSutardja Center for Entrepreneurship and Technology, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
Natalia de Andrade Teixeira FernandesSutardja Center for Entrepreneurship and Technology, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
Clayton RadkeDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

QS-21 is a triterpenoid saponin adjuvant component widely used in human vaccines, but its commercial supply is limited because it is sourced almost exclusively from the bark of mature

Indexed as

Adjuvants, ImmunologicQuillajaSaponinsAdaptive ImmunityAnimalsBiomassCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesLymphocyte ActivationMiceAdjuvants, Immunologicsaponin QA-21V1Saponinsadaptive immunityCD4 T cell activationQS-21saponin adjuvantstructure-activity relationship (SAR)vaccine adjuvant

Identifiers

PMID41878432
PMCPMC13006313

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.