Glatiramer acetate stimulates phagocytosis and intracellular killing of

Jana Seele, Darius Häusler, Roxana Heidemann, Martin S Weber, Roland Nau

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Jana SeeleDepartment of Geriatrics, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende, Göttingen, Germany.

Darius HäuslerDepartment of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.

Roxana HeidemannDepartment of Geriatrics, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende, Göttingen, Germany.

Martin S WeberDepartment of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.

Roland NauDepartment of Geriatrics, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende, Göttingen, Germany.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: In contrast to other medications used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), glatiramer acetate (GA), a synthetic polypeptide, has not been associated with an increased risk of infections. We studied the effect of GA on innate immune cells and its ability to ingest and kill bacteria. Methods: GA was co-incubated with peritoneal macrophages and microglial cells from wild-type C57BL/6 and interleukin (IL)-10 Results: GA increased phagocytosis in a concentration- and time-dependent manner of Conclusions: As a consequence of the increased threat by multi-resistant bacteria, immunomodulators with few side effects, which are able to stimulate the phagocytosis and killing of bacteria, are highly desirable. GA stimulates the phagocytosis and intracellular killing of pathogenic bacteria. Due to its low toxicity even during long-term treatment, GA is an excellent candidate to increase the resistance of patients to infection, potentially reducing the amount of antibiotics prescribed.

Indexed as

Escherichia coliGlatiramer AcetateMacrophages, PeritonealMicrogliaPhagocytosisAnimalsCells, CulturedInterleukin-10MiceMice, Inbred C57BLMice, KnockoutGlatiramer AcetateIL10 protein, mouseInterleukin-10bactericidal activityEscherichia coliglatiramer acetatemacrophagesmicrogliaphagocytosis

Identifiers

PMID41878423

DOI10.3389/fimmu.2026.1761044

PMCPMC13006221

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.