ArticleImmunoTargets and therapy2026
Enhancing Anti-CTLA-4 Antibody Delivery to the Brain Using Focused Ultrasound and Microbubbles.
Article in ImmunoTargets and therapy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Gliomas, particularly glioblastomas, are characterised by their poor prognosis and low patient survival rate. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 antibodies, a type of immune checkpoint inhibitor, have shown promise as an effective treatment strategy against the most aggressive tumour cells within the microenvironment of gliomas. However, their delivery to the brain is hindered by the blood-brain barrier, which is leaky in a heterogenous way, leading to uneven drug distribution across the tumour. Focused ultrasound, combined with intravenously administered microbubbles, is a technique that can non-invasively, safely, and reversibly increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier in a targeted area, promoting the delivery of therapeutics, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, to inaccessible tumour areas and thereby helping to prevent tumour relapse. Methods: We applied two different types of focused ultrasound sequences (long pulses vs rapid short-pulses) with microbubbles to the left hippocampus of wild-type female C57BL/6 mice before administering fluorescently labelled cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 antibodies. Results: We determined that the targeted brain region had a significant increase in antibody delivery following ultrasound treatment with both pulse sequences. A more uniform delivery was achieved when treating with rapid short-pulse sequences ( Conclusion: These results provide a proof-of-principle for how focused ultrasound with microbubbles can promote homogenous anti-tumour drug delivery and modulate the immune microenvironment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.