ArticleTropical medicine and health2026
Trends and inequalities in acute respiratory tract infections in Indonesia: an application of the World Health Organization's Health Equity Assessment Toolkit.
Article in Tropical medicine and health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAcute respiratory tract infections in children present a substantial public health burden. Understanding the trends and determinants in Indonesia is essential for designing and implementing interventions to lower incidence, especially among children under five. Therefore, we examined trends and disparities related to acute respiratory tract infections in Indonesia.
methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Indonesia Demographic Health Survey (2003-2017) using the online version of the World Health Organization's Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (WHO HEAT). Prevalence estimates for acute respiratory tract infections in children were computed using the designated stratifiers within the WHO HEAT software. Four metrics: difference (D), ratio (R), population attributable fraction (PAF), and population attributable risk (PAR) were employed to assess the inequality in acute respiratory tract infections.
resultsThe results showed a decline in acute respiratory tract infections and disparities across the inequality dimensions. The age-related inequality decreased from a difference of 0.1 in 2003 to -1.5 in 2017. Economic-related inequality decreased from a difference of 3.1 in 2003 to 3.0 in 2017. Education inequality decreased from a difference of 3.1 in 2003 to 1.8 in 2017. The disparity in place of residence was zero in 2003 and reduced to -8.7 in 2017, signifying a reduction in inequality in this domain. Sex-related inequality increased from a difference of -0.3 in 2003 to -0.5 in 2017, suggesting a higher prevalence among male children. Regional inequalities in acute respiratory infection declined from 17.5 in 2003 to 9.1 in 2017, indicating that children in certain regions are disproportionately affected by acute respiratory infections in Indonesia, but the gap has reduced over time.
conclusionOur study found that acute respiratory infections are prevalent among children living in rural areas, those from low-income households, and those whose mothers have lower educational level in Indonesia. The current findings provide vital insights for governing bodies at all levels on ensuring that health services are accessible, reliable, and equitable. Consequently, stakeholders must work to improve the effectiveness of health policies and legislation affecting households, especially in rural regions, among those from economically disadvantaged backgrounds, and those with limited or no access to formal education. These measures may reduce acute respiratory infections and lessen their adverse effects on children in Indonesia.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.