ArticleOne health outlook2026
Chamomile oil and apigenin as novel modulators of mexA, mexB, mexR, and oprM efflux pump genes in multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Article in One health outlook, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundRecent studies have shown that antimicrobial resistance has become a great threat. This study focuses on and investigates the effect of some natural compounds on the expression of efflux pump genes that play an important role in antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
methodsAmong the 93 Pseudomonas aeruginosa that were isolated from different clinical samples, 20% were multidrug-resistant, 32% were extensively drug-resistant, and 2% were pandrug-resistant. Identification of the isolates was done using 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing. GC-MS analysis of chamomile oil revealed (is-.beta.-Farnesene) as the major component. Minimum inhibitory concentration values of each of apigenin, chamomile oil, and ceftazidime were evaluated for five of the isolates. Bacterial growth curve analysis revealed a decline in bacterial growth after treatment with sub-MIC levels of chamomile oil and apigenin. The gene expression of each mexA, mexB, mexR, and oprM efflux pump gene in the bacterial isolates using quantitative PCR was evaluated in untreated and treated isolates with a sub-MIC value of apigenin and chamomile oil.
resultsChamomile oil significantly reduced the expression of all four genes. On the other hand, apigenin downregulated most genes but upregulated mexA in two isolates and mexB in one isolate. Meanwhile, Chamomile oil exhibited stronger downregulation of efflux pump genes compared to apigenin, with fold changes ranging from 2.28 to 14.3.
conclusionsAccordingly, these novel findings suggest that chamomile oil and apigenin can have a significant effect on inhibiting efflux pump gene expression, thus combating multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa, and offering new avenues for developing effective natural therapeutic adjuvants to overcome antibiotic resistance. This is preliminary evidence for the gene regulatory potential of chamomile oil and apigenin.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.