ArticleCancer medicine2026
Characterization of Immune Infiltrating Cells in Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma and Its Clinical Significance.
Article in Cancer medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundImmune cells have been linked to the initiation and progression of tumors, and their presence is often used to predict disease prognosis. However, when it comes to bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA), there has not been a comprehensive investigation into the function and prognostic value of different immune cell types.
methodsWe integrated data from more than 2300 BLCA patients across 14 public datasets. Then we analyzed the quantity of 170 different immune cell signatures using the ssGSEA algorithm. Through meta-analysis and univariable Cox analysis, we identified prognosis-associated immune cells and established an immune cell related prognostic signature (IRPS). We then conducted survival analyses to observe the differences in survival across different IRPS-risk groups. Furthermore, based on the DEGs associated with IRPS, we screened for potential targeted therapeutic agents. Finally, we integrated IRPS with clinical features to establish a comprehensive prognostic index (ICPI).
resultsOur analysis identified 90 immune cell types that were particularly relevant to BLCA. Then we constructed and validated the IRPS, with high IRPS significantly associated with longer overall survival (HR = 0.73, 95% CI, 0.71-0.76, p < 0.001). In two independent immunotherapy cohorts (IMvigor210 and GSE78220), patients with high IRPS demonstrated significantly prolonged survival following immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment (p = 0.035, p = 0.019). Several candidate drugs targeting IRPS were identified. The ICPI, developed by integrating IRPS with clinical features, also demonstrated enhanced accuracy in prognostic analysis.
conclusionsThis study successfully developed and validated a prognostic signature (IRPS) based on comprehensive immune cell infiltration analysis, along with its integrated index (ICPI). IRPS/ICPI serves as an effective tool for predicting BLCA patient prognosis and guiding immunotherapy strategies, while also aiding in the identification of patient populations likely to benefit from immunotherapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.