Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41875239›Full record

ArticleChild development2026

The typical and atypical development of dynamic self-regulation and coregulation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in mothers and children across early childhood.

Jianing Sun, Longfeng Li, Sy-Miin Chow, Erika Lunkenheimer

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Child development, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Jianing SunDepartment of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.ORCID 0000-0001-7429-4038
Longfeng LiDepartment of Human Development and Family Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States.
Sy-Miin ChowDepartment of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.ORCID 0000-0003-1938-027X
Erika LunkenheimerDepartment of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.

Funding

Penn State Clinical and Translational Science InstituteUL1TR002014 · NCATS · PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV HERSHEY MED CTR · PI KRASCHNEWSKI, JENNIFER L. · 2016 to 2025
$33.7M
THE NIH PRECISION BRAIN HEALTH NETWORK: Open and Inclusive Measurement of Neuropsychological Change for AD/ADRD Primary Prevention TrialsU24AG092760 · NIA · PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, THE · PI Sy-Miin Chow, Laura Thi Germine · 2025 to 2026
$15.9M
Parent Self-Regulation, Parent-Child Coregulation, and Harsh DisciplineR01HD097189 · NICHD · PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, THE · PI LUNKENHEIMER, ERIKA · 2019 to 2023
$2.6M
The Center for Innovation in Intensive Longitudinal Studies (CIILS)U24AA027684 · NIAAA · PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, THE · PI CHOW, SY-MIIN · 2018 to 2022
$1.9M
Creating the Next Generation of Scholars in CM Science (CMT32)T32HD101390 · NICHD · PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, THE · PI Erika Lunkenheimer, Hannah Milena Caroline Schreier · 2020 to 2026
$1.9M
Parent-Child Biobehavioral Coregulation and Child Maltreatment RiskK01HD068170 · NICHD · PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, THE · PI LUNKENHEIMER, ERIKA · 2012 to 2016
$640k
Erika Lunkenheimer T32HD101390National Institute of Child Health and Human Development K01HD068170National Institute of Child Health and Human Development R01HD097189NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002014NCATS NIH HHS UL1TR002014-06NIAAA NIH HHS U24 AA027684NIA NIH HHS U24 AG092760NICHD NIH HHS K01 HD068170NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD097189NICHD NIH HHS T32 HD101390
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

We examined the development of mother-child dynamic self-regulation and coregulation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) from ages 3 to 4, and variations by harsh parenting. RSA was collected from at-risk mother-preschooler dyads during a challenging task (N = 129; 53% female; 63.6% White; 24.8% Latinx; collected 2013-2017). Across development, lower-risk mothers showed increased RSA self-regulation inertia and decreased mother-led RSA coregulation with children, supporting the theory that parents externally regulate young children, which weakens as children develop regulatory skills. Conversely, harsher mothers showed increased mother-led RSA coregulation and their children showed increased RSA self-regulation inertia (implying less flexibility), suggesting children of harsher mothers experience increasing physiological regulatory difficulties and receive or need greater external regulation from mothers across early childhood.

Indexed as

Child DevelopmentMaternal BehaviorMother-Child RelationsMothersParentingRespiratory Sinus ArrhythmiaSelf-ControlAdultChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansharsh parentingparent–child coregulationrespiratory sinus arrhythmia

Identifiers

PMID41875239
PMCPMC13056354

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.