Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41875060›Full record

ArticleDiabetes care2026

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances During Pregnancy and Gestational Diabetes: The Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Cohort.

Anne P Starling, Mohamad Burjak, Adaeze W Nzegwu, Xiaoshuang Xun, John L Adgate, Emily S Barrett, Deborah H Bennett, Leda Chatzi, Elena Colicino, Dana Dabelea and 20 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Diabetes care, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

30 authors.

Anne P StarlingDepartment of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.ORCID 0000-0002-6638-8314
Mohamad BurjakDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
Adaeze W NzegwuDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
Xiaoshuang XunDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
John L AdgateDepartment of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.
Emily S BarrettDepartment of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ.
Deborah H BennettDepartment of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA.
Leda ChatziDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA.
Elena ColicinoDepartment of Environmental Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
Dana DabeleaLifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.
Anne L DunlopDepartment of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.
Stephanie M EickGangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
Shohreh F FarzanDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA.
Assiamira FerraraKaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research and Center for Upstream Prevention of Adiposity and Diabetes Mellitus, Pleasanton, CA.
Abby F FleischCenter for Interdisciplinary Population & Health Research, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Westbrook, ME.
Sarah D GeigerDepartment of Health and Kinesiology and The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.
Monique M HeddersonKaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research and Center for Upstream Prevention of Adiposity and Diabetes Mellitus, Pleasanton, CA.
Linda G KahnDepartments of Pediatrics and Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY.
Margaret R KaragasDepartment of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH.
Rachel S KellyChanning Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
Donghai LiangGangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
Pi-I LinDivision of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA.
Thomas G O'ConnorDepartments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY.
Amy M PadulaDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Program for Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
Alicia K PetersonKaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research and Center for Upstream Prevention of Adiposity and Diabetes Mellitus, Pleasanton, CA.
Megan E RomanoDepartment of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH.
Sheela SathyanarayanaDepartments of Pediatrics and Epidemiology and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
Yeyi ZhuKaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research and Center for Upstream Prevention of Adiposity and Diabetes Mellitus, Pleasanton, CA.
Damaskini ValviDepartment of Environmental Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.ORCID 0000-0003-4633-229X
ECHO Cohort Consortium*

Funding

Project-005U2COD023375 · OD · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI Linda S Adair, Phillip Brian Smith · 2016 to 2026
$215.9M
ECHODAC (Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes Data Analysis Center)U24OD023382 · OD · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI Diane J Catellier, LISA P JACOBSON · 2016 to 2026
$148.4M
Wisconsin Infant Study Cohort (WISC) ECHO Pediatric Follow-UpUH3OD023282 · OD · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON · PI James E. Gern · 2018 to 2026
$64.8M
The NYU Children’s Health & Environment Study: an ECHO CohortUH3OD023305 · OD · NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE · PI Akhgar Ghassabian, Leonardo Trasande · 2018 to 2026
$59.5M
Mount Sinai ECHO site for Perinatal Environment and Development StudiesUH3OD023337 · OD · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI KECIA Nicole CARROLL, Robert O Wright · 2018 to 2026
$54.1M
Translational Research Support CoreP30ES007048 · NIEHS · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI ROB S MCCONNELL · 1996 to 2026
$46.4M
A prospective study of critical environmental exposures in formative early life that impact lifelong health in rural US children: the New Hampshire Birth Cohort StudyUH3OD023275 · OD · DARTMOUTH COLLEGE · PI MARGARET Rita KARAGAS, Juliette Madan · 2018 to 2026
$44.3M
The ECHO Measurement Core: A Framework and Resource for Assessing Environmental Exposure and Child HealthU24OD023319 · OD · NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY AT CHICAGO · PI Courtney K Blackwell, RICHARD GERSHON · 2016 to 2026
$43.7M
Prenatal and Early Childhood Pathways To Health:  An Integrated Model of Chemical and Social Exposures, Biological Mechanisms, and Sex-Specific Effects on Neurodevelopment and Respiratory OutcomesUH3OD023271 · OD · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI BUSH, NICOLE RENEE, KARR, CATHERINE J · 2018 to 2022
$37.3M
UNC-CH CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH &SUSCEPTIBILITYP30ES010126 · NIEHS · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI Stephanie Engel · 2001 to 2026
$36.3M
ECHO Laboratory Core at Vanderbilt for Integrated Sample Biobanking and ProcessingU24OD035523 · OD · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI Suman Ranjan Das, NATASHA Bassam HALASA · 2023 to 2026
$32.8M
Environmental Influences on Childhood Outcomes in the Northern Plains Safe Passage Study CohortsUH3OD023279 · OD · AVERA MCKENNAN · PI Amy J Elliott, Christine W Hockett · 2018 to 2026
$31.7M
NHGRI NIH HHS U01 HG013288NHGRI NIH HHS U01HG013288NIEHS NIH HHS ES0266542NIEHS NIH HHS P30 ES007048NIEHS NIH HHS P30ES007048NIEHS NIH HHS P30 ES010126NIEHS NIH HHS P30 ES023515NIEHS NIH HHS P30ES023515NIEHS NIH HHS P42 ES036506NIEHS NIH HHS P42ES036506NIEHS NIH HHS R01 ES033688NIEHS NIH HHS R01ES033688NIEHS NIH HHS U24 ES026539NIEHS NIH HHS U24ES026539NIEHS NIH HHS U2C ES026533NIEHS NIH HHS U2CES026533NIEHS NIH HHS U2C ES026542NIEHS NIH HHS U2CES026542NIEHS NIH HHS U2C ES026555NIEHS NIH HHS U2CES026555NIEHS NIH HHS U2C ES026561NIEHS NIH HHS U2CES026561NIEHS NIH HHS U2C ES030851NIEHS NIH HHS U2CES030851NIEHS NIH HHS U2C ES030857NIEHS NIH HHS U2CES030857NIEHS NIH HHS U2C ES030859NIEHS NIH HHS U2CES030859NIH HHS U24 OD023319NIH HHS U24 OD023382NIH HHS U24 OD035523NIH HHS U2C OD023375NIH HHS UG3 OD023244NIH HHS UG3 OD023248NIH HHS UG3 OD023249NIH HHS UG3 OD023251NIH HHS UG3 OD023253NIH HHS UG3 OD023272NIH HHS UG3 OD023275NIH HHS UG3 OD023279NIH HHS UG3 OD023282NIH HHS UG3 OD023285NIH HHS UG3 OD023288NIH HHS UG3 OD023289NIH HHS UG3 OD023290NIH HHS UG3 OD023305NIH HHS UG3 OD023313NIH HHS UG3 OD023337NIH HHS UG3 OD023342NIH HHS UG3 OD023344NIH HHS UG3 OD023348NIH HHS UG3 OD023349NIH HHS UG3 OD023365NIH HHS UG3 OD023389NIH HHS UG3 OD035508NIH HHS UG3 OD035509NIH HHS UG3 OD035513NIH HHS UG3 OD035516NIH HHS UG3 OD035517NIH HHS UG3 OD035518NIH HHS UG3 OD035519NIH HHS UG3 OD035521NIH HHS UG3 OD035526NIH HHS UG3 OD035527NIH HHS UG3 OD035528NIH HHS UG3 OD035529NIH HHS UG3 OD035532NIH HHS UG3 OD035533NIH HHS UG3 OD035536NIH HHS UG3 OD035537NIH HHS UG3 OD035540NIH HHS UG3 OD035542NIH HHS UG3 OD035543NIH HHS UG3 OD035544NIH HHS UG3 OD035550NIH HHS UH3 OD023244NIH HHS UH3 OD023248NIH HHS UH3 OD023249NIH HHS UH3 OD023251NIH HHS UH3 OD023253NIH HHS UH3 OD023268NIH HHS UH3 OD023271NIH HHS UH3 OD023272NIH HHS UH3 OD023275NIH HHS UH3 OD023279NIH HHS UH3 OD023282NIH HHS UH3 OD023285NIH HHS UH3 OD023286NIH HHS UH3 OD023287NIH HHS UH3 OD023288NIH HHS UH3 OD023289NIH HHS UH3 OD023290NIH HHS UH3 OD023305NIH HHS UH3 OD023313NIH HHS UH3 OD023318NIH HHS UH3 OD023320NIH HHS UH3 OD023328NIH HHS UH3 OD023332NIH HHS UH3 OD023337NIH HHS UH3 OD023342NIH HHS UH3 OD023344NIH HHS UH3 OD023347NIH HHS UH3 OD023348NIH HHS UH3 OD023349NIH HHS UH3 OD023365NIH HHS UH3 OD023389NIH HHS UH3 OD035526NIH HHS UH3 OD035536NIH HHS UH3 OD035542NIH Office of the Director U24OD023319NIH Office of the Director U24OD023382NIH Office of the Director U24OD035523NIH Office of the Director U2COD023375NIH Office of the Director UG3OD035508NIH Office of the Director UG3OD035509NIH Office of the Director UG3OD035513NIH Office of the Director UG3OD035516NIH Office of the Director UG3OD035517NIH Office of the Director UG3OD035518NIH Office of the Director UG3OD035519NIH Office of the Director UG3OD035521NIH Office of the Director UG3OD035526NIH Office of the Director UG3OD035527NIH Office of the Director UG3OD035528NIH Office of the Director UG3OD035529NIH Office of the Director UG3OD035532NIH Office of the Director UG3OD035533NIH Office of the Director UG3OD035536NIH Office of the Director UG3OD035537NIH Office of the Director UG3OD035540NIH Office of the Director UG3OD035542NIH Office of the Director UG3OD035543NIH Office of the Director UG3OD035544NIH Office of the Director UG3OD035546NIH Office of the Director UG3OD035550NIH Office of the Director UG3/UH3OD023244NIH Office of the Director UG3/UH3OD023248NIH Office of the Director UG3/UH3OD023249NIH Office of the Director UG3/UH3OD023251NIH Office of the Director UG3/UH3OD023253NIH Office of the Director UG3/UH3OD023272NIH Office of the Director UG3/UH3OD023275NIH Office of the Director UG3/UH3OD023279NIH Office of the Director UG3/UH3OD023282NIH Office of the Director UG3/UH3OD023285NIH Office of the Director UG3/UH3OD023288NIH Office of the Director UG3/UH3OD023289NIH Office of the Director UG3/UH3OD023290NIH Office of the Director UG3/UH3OD023305NIH Office of the Director UG3/UH3OD023313NIH Office of the Director UG3/UH3OD023337NIH Office of the Director UG3/UH3OD023342NIH Office of the Director UG3/UH3OD023344NIH Office of the Director UG3/UH3OD023348NIH Office of the Director UG3/UH3OD023349NIH Office of the Director UG3/UH3OD023365NIH Office of the Director UG3/UH3OD023389NIH Office of the Director UH3OD023268NIH Office of the Director UH3OD023271NIH Office of the Director UH3OD023286NIH Office of the Director UH3OD023287NIH Office of the Director UH3OD023318NIH Office of the Director UH3OD023320NIH Office of the Director UH3OD023328NIH Office of the Director UH3OD023332NIH Office of the Director UH3OD023347
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveExposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may increase the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), with adverse consequences for pregnant women and their offspring. However, epidemiologic studies have shown inconsistent results. We addressed this question in a large, pooled sample of U.S. women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND

methodsParticipants (n = 5,229) from 16 cohorts had singleton pregnancies. PFAS were quantified in a single plasma or serum sample during pregnancy (1999-2021); six PFAS detected in ≥60% of participants were analyzed. The primary outcome was GDM diagnosis based on self-report or medical record documentation. The secondary outcome, among 1,213 participants, was fasting glucose. We estimated associations between each PFAS and GDM using generalized estimating equations models with Poisson distribution and robust variance, and estimated associations between each PFAS and fasting glucose using generalized estimating equations models for linear regression. Effect modification by prepregnancy BMI or race and ethnicity was evaluated via interaction terms and stratification. We quantified the combined effect of the PFAS mixture using quantile-based g-computation.

resultsAssociations between individual PFAS and GDM were null or weakly inverse; the association with the six-PFAS mixture was negative (prevalence ratio [95% CI] per quartile increase: 0.75 [0.58, 0.96]). Certain PFAS were more strongly negatively associated with GDM among participants with BMI <25 kg/m2. Associations between PFAS and fasting glucose were largely null, although both positive and negative associations were observed in specific race and ethnicity strata.

conclusionsIn a large, pooled sample of U.S. pregnant women, greater concentrations of PFAS were not associated with higher prevalence of GDM.

Indexed as

Diabetes, GestationalFluorocarbonsAdultBlood GlucoseCohort StudiesFemaleHumansPregnancyBlood GlucoseFluorocarbons

Identifiers

PMID41875060
PMCPMC13094873

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.