Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41874910›Full record

Trial reportCanadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie2026

Teaching ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia using remote immersive virtual reality: a randomized controlled trial.

Aneurin Moorthy, Fahad Alam, Stephen Choi, Connor T A Brenna, Ziqi Lillian Fan, Wei Zhang, Ahtsham U Niazi

Registry-linked trialAbstract readRandomized Controlled TrialComparative Study
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05755724 (Remote Immersive Virtual Reality), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05755724 nacompletednot on this map

Remote Immersive Virtual Reality (RIVR) Teaching: Use in Ultrasound Guided Regional Anesthesia Procedural Skills Acquisition

TypeinterventionalSponsorSunnybrook Health Sciences CentreRan2023 to 2024Enrolled24ConditionsEducational Problems, Acute PainArms3-D Teaching, 2-D Teaching
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Aneurin MoorthyDepartment of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Fahad AlamDepartment of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Stephen ChoiDepartment of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Connor T A BrennaDepartment of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Ziqi Lillian FanDepartment of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Wei ZhangDepartment of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Ahtsham U NiaziDepartment of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada. ahtsham.niazi@sunnybrook.ca.ORCID 0000-0001-6447-4393

Funding

Non-US Government Research Support
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeEffective education in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia is an essential component of anesthesiologists' training. Telesimulation is a viable alternative to in-person training, allowing an instructor to guide a distant learner through technical skills in real time. Here, we sought to compare remote teaching of ultrasound-guided nerve blocks by 2D telesimulation vs 3D telesimulation remote immersive virtual reality (RIVR). We hypothesized that 3D RIVR would be the superior teaching modality.

methodsWe recruited 24 medical students without prior exposure to ultrasound-guided procedures into a single-centre randomized controlled assessor-blinded trial. After providing written consent, we randomized participants to receive instruction on how to perform an ultrasound-guided nerve block on a porcine simulation model, where the instructor provided remote teaching either via 2D telesimulation or 3D RIVR. The primary outcome was pretest to posttest improvement, assessed using scores on a validated checklist. The secondary outcome was student and instructor satisfaction with learning via the 3D RIVR compared with the 2D teaching modality, assessed via a satisfaction questionnaire after each session.

resultsParticipants randomized to 2D telesimulation showed a mean improvement of 36.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 30.6 to 42.8; P < 0.001). Participants randomized to 3D RIVR telesimulation showed a mean improvement of 28.8 (95% CI, 22.1 to 35.4; P < 0.001). The magnitude of the improvement was not significantly different between groups (mean difference, 7.9; 95% CI, -0.6 to 16.4; P = 0.06). Satisfaction questionnaires showed that both instructors and students responded more positively to the 2D teaching, likely owing to the limitations of the existing 3D RIVR technology.

conclusionThe 3D RIVR telesimulation was comparable to 2D telesimulation for training novices in procedural skills for ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia. The 2D telesimulation was preferred by both instructors and learners. Nevertheless, with the advancement of technology, remote teaching via virtual reality may supersede this method soon. STUDY REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT05755724 ); registered 11 February 2023.

Indexed as

Anesthesia, ConductionAnesthesiologyNerve BlockUltrasonography, InterventionalVirtual RealityAdultAnimalsClinical CompetenceFemaleHumansMaleSingle-Blind MethodStudents, MedicalSurveys and QuestionnairesSwinenerve blocksimulation trainingtelemedicineultrasonographyvirtual reality

Identifiers

PMID41874910

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.