Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41874133›Full record

ArticleJournal of eye movement research2026

Comparing Eye-Tracking Metrics with the Driver Activity Load Index.

Julia Bend, Markus Gödker, Elise Sophie Banach, Thomas Franke

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of eye movement research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Julia BendFaculty of Human and Social Sciences, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland.ORCID 0000-0003-0822-1038
Markus GödkerFaculty of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany.
Elise Sophie BanachInstitute of Multimedia and Interactive Systems, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.
Thomas FrankeInstitute of Multimedia and Interactive Systems, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-7211-3771

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study investigated how perceptual workload in driving situations is captured by subjective ratings versus eye-tracking metrics. Fifty participants completed low- and high-complexity conditions while fixation behavior, blinks, and pupil diameter were recorded, and workload was assessed using the DALI scale. High-load scenes elicited longer fixations, fewer fixations per minute, reduced blinking, and increased pupil dilation, indicating elevated attentional demand. DALI scores increased with scene complexity and were negatively associated with fixation duration, demonstrating that participants' subjective ratings were driven primarily by perceptual strain rather than cognitive effort. Eye-tracking patterns supported this interpretation: fixation-based indicators tent to reflect the cognitive component of demand, whereas DALI selectively tracked perceptual overload. Together, these results show that DALI is highly sensitive to visual density, and that eye-movement measures provide converging evidence for its specificity as a perceptual load instrument.

Indexed as

cognitive loadDALIdrivingdriving simulatoreye trackinghuman factorsperceptual loadsituational complexitysubjective workload assessment

Identifiers

PMID41874133
PMCPMC13010778

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.