Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41873681›Full record

ArticleG3 (Bethesda, Md.)2026

WormTagDB: a systematic survey of endogenously tagged proteins in Caenorhabditis elegans and roadmap toward the tagged proteome.

Jake Leyhr, Qiuyi Chi, Lin Zeng, Xuejia Li, Beibei Cao, En-Zhi Shen, Wei Zou, David R Sherwood

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in G3 (Bethesda, Md.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. A pilot study for whole proteome tagging inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
  3. TAG-IN, a swappable strategy for endogenous gene tagging inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Jake LeyhrDepartment of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, United States.ORCID 0000-0003-1815-7818
Qiuyi ChiDepartment of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, United States.
Lin ZengSchool of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China.
Xuejia LiSchool of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China.
Beibei CaoInstitute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China.
En-Zhi ShenSchool of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China.
Wei ZouInstitute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China.ORCID 0000-0003-4885-7313
David R SherwoodDepartment of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, United States.ORCID 0000-0002-4448-6917

Funding

Enhancing and expanding the CGC Strain CollectionP40OD010440 · OD · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI Ann E. Rougvie · 2012 to 2026
$7.5M
Understanding how cells invade through basement membrane in vivoR35GM118049 · NIGMS · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI David R Sherwood · 2016 to 2026
$6.8M
Deerfield Management CompanyDuke UniversityFourPoints InnovationNational Natural Science Foundation 31970919National Natural Science Foundation 32370822NIGMS NIH HHS R35 GM118049NIH HHS P40 OD010440NIH HHS R35GM118049Wellcome TrustWellcome Trust 226804/Z/22/Z
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Endogenous protein tagging in Caenorhabditis elegans enables the direct visualization and manipulation of proteins in vivo, providing native readouts of expression, localization, and dynamics. No coordinated effort currently exists to comprehensively tag proteins on a large scale, resulting in patchy coverage that limits proteome-wide analyses. We systematically reviewed 2,500 primary research articles, identifying 778 that report novel endogenous tags, and integrated these with the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center strain records to catalog >90% of all existing tagged alleles. In total, we found that 1,554 unique genes (∼8% of the proteome) have been endogenously tagged. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that cytoskeletal proteins, transcription factors, and RNA-binding proteins dominate the tagged proteome, while membrane proteins, metabolic enzymes, and mitochondrial components remain largely untagged, reflecting both technical barriers and research priorities that have shaped the last decade of tagging efforts. We created WormTagDB (https://wormtagdb.rc.duke.edu), an interactive, community-updatable resource that consolidates all known endogenously tagged alleles and provides precomputed CRISPR guide and homology-arm primer designs for N- and C-terminal knock-ins across all protein-coding genes. This will enable researchers to easily identify existing alleles to prevent redundant strain generation and rapidly initiate new knock-in experiments. A systematic effort to tag every C. elegans gene would deliver a complete metazoan visual proteome, providing comprehensive insights into protein localization, dynamics, and regulation, revealing new protein associations and molecular processes.

Indexed as

BiocurationCaenorhabditis elegansCaenorhabditis elegans ProteinsProteomeProteomicsAllelesAnimalsCaenorhabditis elegans ProteinsProteomeC. elegansCRISPR-Cas9endogenous taggingepitopesfluorescent proteinsgenome editingknock-in alleleprimer design

Identifiers

PMID41873681
PMCPMC13232489

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.