ArticleBMC gastroenterology2026
Extracellular vesicles derived from live or apoptotic mesenchymal stem cells: comparison of the effects of two extracellular vesicles on liver fibrosis.
Article in BMC gastroenterology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have become a promising treatment of liver fibrosis which is a key process in liver diseases. Recent studies have shown that transplanted MSCs undergo rapid apoptosis and the apoptotic extracellular vesicles (ApoEVs) derived from MSCs exhibited stronger immunosuppressive capability. However, the effect and the mechanisms of ApoEVs in liver fibrosis remain unclear. The functional differences between ApoEVs and extracellular vesicles (EVs) have yet to be elucidated. This study aims to compare their therapeutic effects on liver fibrosis in order to optimize existing treatment strategies.
methodsApoEVs and EVs were isolated by density gradient centrifugation and illustrated by TEM and NTA. A CCl4-induced liver fibrosis mouse model was treated with equal doses of ApoEVs and EVs. Histopathological analysis was performed on liver sections, serological indicators, fibrosis-related gene expression, macrophage polarization, and the activation status of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were analyzed. Subsequently, miRNA-sequencing and untargeted metabolomics analysis were conducted to identify potential pathway.
resultsOur results demonstrated that ApoEVs had fourfold higher protein yield than EVs, and ApoEVs exhibited a significant superior ability to improve liver fibrosis. In vitro, ApoEVs enhanced macrophage polarization and suppressed HSC activation more effectively, thereby reducing the degree of fibrosis. The underlying molecular mechanism likely due to the enrichment of more miRNAs targeting the PI3K-AKT pathway in ApoEVs and more metabolite molecules that mediate inflammatory metabolic processes.
conclusionThese findings showed that ApoEVs exhibit better effects than EVs in alleviating liver fibrosis. Besides, the findings highlighted their therapeutic potential which suggested that ApoEVs could be a promising approach for the treatment of liver diseases and further lay a research foundation for clarifying the therapeutic mechanism of MSCs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.