ArticleNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation2026
Cytomegalovirus Drives the Development of Cytotoxic CD4
Article in Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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12 authors.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesChronic immune activation is a hallmark of latent viral infections and autoimmune disorders, profoundly shaping immune cell phenotypes, including CD4
methodsUsing single cell multiomics, we analyzed CD4 CTL from healthy cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seropositive donors, patients with CMV-seronegative relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS) (autoimmune trigger), and patients with CMV-seropositive RR-MS (combination of viral and autoimmune trigger).
resultsOur findings reveal that the heterogeneous pool of CD4 CTL encompasses distinct subsets with divergent expression of proinflammatory, cytotoxic, and migratory markers. Moreover, we identified a pathogenic CD4 CTL subset coexpressing the MS-associated transcription factor eomesodermin (EOMES) and the migratory receptor class I-restricted T-cell-associated molecule, which accumulates in MS lesions and demonstrates resistance to natalizumab treatment. DISCUSSION: CMV was implicated as a dominant driver of development of highly cytotoxic CD4
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