Observational studyEuropean archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery2026
3D-printed temporal bone models versus cadaveric bone for mastoidectomy training: a feasibility and cost analysis.
Observational study in European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeTo evaluate anatomical realism, perceived training value, and costs of an in-house fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D-printed temporal bone model compared with cadaveric temporal bone for mastoidectomy training.
methodsA prospective observational study was conducted during temporal bone drilling courses at a tertiary academic centre. Participants completed a 9-item Likert questionnaire after performing time-standardised cortical mastoidectomy drilling on a 3D-printed model and on cadaveric temporal bone. A micro-costing analysis compared consumables, equipment, and per-session costs for each modality.
resultsTwenty-two otolaryngology trainees and attendings participated. Mean scores for all questionnaire domains met or exceeded the predefined acceptability threshold, with high ratings for overall usefulness and perceived safety. The estimated per-session cost for the 3D-printed model was USD 10.74 versus USD 2122.23 for cadaveric training.
conclusionLow-cost 3D-printed temporal bone models achieved acceptable realism and strong perceived training value and may serve as a practical pre-cadaveric adjunct where access to cadaveric specimens is limited or costly.
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