ArticleJournal of veterinary internal medicine2026
Factors associated with antimicrobial drug prescription in dogs receiving outpatient care at a veterinary teaching hospital.
Article in Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBenchmarking small animal antimicrobial use is limited by lack of data on factors associated with prescribing of antimicrobial medications. HYPOTHESIS/
objectivesTo identify factors associated with prescription of antimicrobial drugs (PAD) in dogs receiving outpatient care. ANIMALS: Nine thousand six hundred eighty-five dogs with 19 597 outpatient visits.
methodsElectronic medical record data from dogs receiving outpatient care at a veterinary teaching hospital in 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Study outcomes were receipt of any systemic PAD at the visit, and receipt of "Watch" or "Reserve" (WR) PAD using World Health Organization (WHO) Access-Watch-Reserve (AWaRe) classification. Multivariable models including independent variables related to signalment, hospital service, and pet owner sociodemographic factors were built using generalized estimating equations yielding odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs.
resultsApproximately 10% of outpatient visit records (1871/19 597) were associated with ≥ 1 PAD. Factors significantly associated with prescription of antimicrobials included age, male sex, intact status, hospital service visited, visit duration, diagnostics performed, lower estimated owner income, visit date, and prescriber training level. Factors most strongly affecting odds of receiving any PAD were hospital service visited (OR 0.08 [0.05-0.13] to 1.55 [1.18-2.05] for visits to services other than emergency) and having urine culture performed (OR 4.32 [3.06-6.08]). Factors most strongly affecting odds of receiving WHO-WR PAD were higher total count of discrete PAD during visit (OR 10.1 [6.41-15.8]) and undergoing computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging during the visit (OR 3.41 [1.50-7.76]). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: This evaluation of companion animal prescribing practices supports facility-level monitoring and development of normalized antimicrobial use benchmarks and One Health antimicrobial stewardship efforts.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.