Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41868788›Full record

ArticlePeerJ2026

Thyroid function and depression among adolescents: a cross-sectional study exploring sex-based differences.

Shuwen Xi, Xiaoting Wu, Zelin Yu, Yinyan Ge, Xinyi Cao, Shengnan Ma, Yuanchu Li, Pingping Xu, Haoqiang Zhang, Linqi Fang and 2 more

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In one paragraph

Article in PeerJ, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Shuwen Xi *Department of Clinical Psychology, Zhejiang Rehabilitation Medical Center (Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University), Hangzhou, China.
Xiaoting Wu *Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
Zelin YuKey Laboratory for Research of Acupuncture Treatment and Transformation of Emotional Diseases, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
Yinyan GeDepartment of Clinical Psychology, Zhejiang Rehabilitation Medical Center (Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University), Hangzhou, China.
Xinyi CaoDepartment of Clinical Psychology, Zhejiang Rehabilitation Medical Center (Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University), Hangzhou, China.
Shengnan MaDepartment of Clinical Psychology, Zhejiang Rehabilitation Medical Center (Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University), Hangzhou, China.
Yuanchu LiDepartment of Clinical Psychology, Zhejiang Rehabilitation Medical Center (Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University), Hangzhou, China.
Pingping XuDepartment of Clinical Psychology, Zhejiang Rehabilitation Medical Center (Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University), Hangzhou, China.
Haoqiang ZhangDepartment of Clinical Psychology, Zhejiang Rehabilitation Medical Center (Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University), Hangzhou, China.
Linqi FangDepartment of Clinical Psychology, Zhejiang Rehabilitation Medical Center (Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University), Hangzhou, China.
Jiufen TongDepartment of Clinical Psychology, Zhenhai People's Hospital, Ningbo, China.
ShuangYi PeiDepartment of Clinical Psychology, Zhejiang Rehabilitation Medical Center (Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University), Hangzhou, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: The role of thyroid hormones and their interaction with sex hormones in adolescent major depressive disorder (MDD), particularly regarding sex differences, remains poorly understood. Methods: This cross-sectional study included first-episode adolescent depression outpatients. All patients were stratified by depression severity into non-major depression disorder (non-MDD) and MDD groups. Serum levels of thyroid and sex hormones (testosterone, estradiol, progesterone) were measured. Group comparisons, correlation analyses, multivariate logistic regression, and moderation analysis were performed. Results: The study included 837 patients (597 females and 240 males), comprising 359 non-MDD and 478 MDD cases. The mean age was 15 years (IQR 14-16). Compared to males, females exhibited higher SDS (Z = -7.34, Conclusions: Thyroid dysfunction is associated with adolescent MDD in a sex-specific manner. A logistic regression model incorporating both thyroid and sex hormones showed improved classification accuracy. Importantly, testosterone was found to moderate the relationship between T3 and depression severity. These findings suggest that assessing thyroid function alongside sex hormone levels may enhance risk stratification in adolescent MDD.

Indexed as

DepressionMajor Depressive DisorderThyroid GlandThyroid HormonesAdolescentCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleGonadal Steroid HormonesHumansMaleGonadal Steroid HormonesThyroid HormonesAdolescentBiomarkerDepressionSex hormonesThyroid function

Identifiers

PMID41868788
PMCPMC13005610

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.