Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41868685›Full record

ReviewAmerican journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging2026

Neuroimaging and consciousness: applications of PET, SPECT, and advanced MRI modalities.

Raj N Patel, Shiv Patil, Alexander Gerlach, Eric Teichner, Deepak Indrakanti, Robert Subtirelu, Joseph Zwillenberg, Om H Gandhi, Jaskeerat Gujral, Thomas Werner and 2 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Raj N PatelDepartment of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, The United States.
Shiv PatilDepartment of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, The United States.
Alexander GerlachDepartment of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, The United States.
Eric TeichnerDepartment of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, The United States.
Deepak IndrakantiDepartment of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, The United States.
Robert SubtireluDepartment of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, The United States.
Joseph ZwillenbergDepartment of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, The United States.
Om H GandhiDepartment of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, The United States.
Jaskeerat GujralDepartment of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, The United States.
Thomas WernerDepartment of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, The United States.
Abass AlaviDepartment of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, The United States.
Andrew B NewbergDepartment of Integrative Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, PA, The United States.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

A growing number of advanced neuroimaging studies have been used to evaluate the nature of consciousness. Such studies have focused on various states of consciousness as well as ways of inducing altered states of consciousness. Various states of consciousness include the normal waking state, sleep states, the brain under anesthesia, and the impact of disorders such as seizures or schizophrenia. The induction of altered states of consciousness includes practices such as meditation or the use of psychoactive substances leading to psychedelic effects. This paper reviews some of the relevant research and then considers some of limitations and challenges for studying consciousness with neuroimaging, particularly via positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modalities.

Indexed as

brain imagingcerebral blood flowcerebral metabolismConsciousnessmagnetic resonance imaging (MRI)meditationpositron emission tomography (PET)single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

Identifiers

PMID41868685
PMCPMC13003230

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.