ArticleFrontiers in medicine2026
Immunoinformatic insights for design and clinical prospects of pan-RAS cancer vaccine.
Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Therapeutic melanoma vaccines: Platforms, neoantigen strategies, and emerging combination immunotherapies.Therapeutic advances in vaccines and immunotherapy · 2026Review
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2 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: KRAS mutations, particularly at codon 12, occur in over 90% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cases and drive tumor initiation, progression, and therapeutic resistance. Targeting oncogenic KRAS variants through immunotherapy offers a promising strategy for PDAC treatment. This study evaluated Seq ID No. 70 of a pan-RAS mRNA cancer vaccine (WO 2022/081764 A1; PCT/US 2021/054859), incorporating KRAS variants G12D, G13D, L19F, A59T, G60D, Q61H, K117N, and A146T, for its suitability in PDAC. Methods: Immunoinformatic analyses were performed to predict cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), helper T lymphocyte (HTL), and B-cell epitopes, which were assessed for antigenicity, allergenicity, and toxicity. Physicochemical profiling, secondary structure prediction, and 3D structural modeling with refinement were conducted. Molecular docking and 500 ns molecular dynamics simulations evaluated interactions with Toll-like receptors TLR7/8 and the agonist resiquimod (R848). Solvent-accessible surface area (SASA) analysis examined epitope exposure. Codon optimization assessed expression efficiency, and immune simulations predicted immunogenicity. Results: Multiple epitopes demonstrated favorable antigenicity with non-allergenic and non-toxic profiles. The construct was predicted to be stable, hydrophilic, and structurally refined. Docking and MD simulations showed stable interactions with TLR7/8; no direct R848-vaccine binding was observed. SASA analysis indicated strong solvent exposure, supporting immunogenic potential. Codon optimization yielded favorable parameters (CAI = 0.956; GC = 61.7%) and a molecular weight of 21,973.98 Da. Immune simulations predicted robust cellular and humoral responses. Discussion: The pan-RAS mRNA vaccine demonstrates structural stability and strong immunogenic potential for PDAC. Synergistic immune activation with R848 may enhance anti-tumor efficacy, warranting experimental validation and toxicity assessment for clinical translation.
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