ArticleTobacco induced diseases2026
Association of smoking with serum uric acid levels, hyperuricemia, and gout based on the 7th to 9th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: A secondary dataset analysis based on a cross-sectional study.
Article in Tobacco induced diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
introductionPrevious studies have reported conflicting results on the relationship of smoking with gout and hyperuricemia. This study aimed to investigate the associations of smoking with serum uric acid levels, hyperuricemia, and gout.
methodsThis study was a pooled analysis of secondary data from the 7th to 9th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016-2022). We analyzed 29516 participants (12626 for gout analysis) aged ≥19 years. Smoking status (exposure) and doctor-diagnosed gout (primary outcome) were assessed through self-reported questionnaires, while serum uric acid levels (secondary outcome) were measured from blood samples. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the associations, adjusting for potential confounders.
resultsIn females, current smokers had significantly higher serum uric acid levels than never smokers (adjusted mean difference=0.16 mg/dL; 95% CI: 0.08-0.24; p<0.001). Current smoking in females was also significantly associated with increased odds of both hyperuricemia (adjusted odds ratio, AOR=1.49; 95% CI: 1.11-2.00; p=0.008) and self-reported doctor-diagnosed gout (AOR=22.07; 95% CI: 6.66-73.09; p<0.001) compared with never smoking. In contrast, no significant associations were observed in males; the adjusted mean difference in serum uric acid levels between current and never smokers was -0.01 mg/dL (95% CI: -0.08-0.05; p=0.668), and the AOR for gout was 1.00 (95% CI: 0.62-1.59; p=0.984).
conclusionsThe results suggest that smoking is associated with elevated serum uric acid levels and an increased prevalence of hyperuricemia and gout in women but not in men.
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