Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41867201›Full record

ArticlemedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences2026

Development and optimization of self-collected, field stable, saliva-based immunoassays for scalable epidemiological surveillance of pathogen-specific immunity.

Lauren E Bahr, Joseph Lu, Darunee Buddhari, Taweewun Hunsawong, Erica Rapheal, Peter Greco, Lisa Ware, Michelle Klick, Aaron Farmer, Frank Middleton and 3 more

Abstract readPreprint
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Lauren E BahrDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
Joseph LuGlobal Health Institute, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
Darunee BuddhariDepartment of Virology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research - Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand.
Taweewun HunsawongDepartment of Virology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research - Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand.
Erica RaphealUniversity of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Peter GrecoGlobal Health Institute, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
Lisa WareGlobal Health Institute, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
Michelle KlickGlobal Health Institute, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
Aaron FarmerDepartment of Virology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research - Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand.
Frank MiddletonDepartment of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, 13210, USA.
Stephen J ThomasDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
Kathryn AndersonDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
Adam T WaickmanDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4536-6714

Funding

Defining correlates of protection from dengue illness in a long-term cohort study of multigenerational house-holds in ThailandR01AI175941 · NIAID · UPSTATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY · PI Kathryn B Anderson · 2023 to 2026
$2.7M
NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI175941
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Serological surveillance is fundamental to infectious disease research and informed public-health decision making. Immunoassays used in the study of pathogen-specific immunity have historically relied on the collection of venous blood. While critical for many public-health applications, this sample collection method is invasive and resource intensive. The costs and logistical barriers associated with venous blood collection are exacerbated in resource-limited regions, and the shift to less invasive sampling methods would increase sample availability for pathogen surveillance and study of pathogen-specific immunity. To this end, we have developed and optimized a self-collected, saliva-based immunoassay capable of quantifying pathogen-specific antibody binding in saliva samples. Using samples collected from geographically and epidemiologically diverse regions of the world, we compared antigen-specific IgG levels in paired plasma and saliva samples. We observed that levels of IgG against multiple pathogens of public health concern - including SARS-CoV-2 and dengue virus (DENV) - were highly correlated in plasma and swab-collected saliva. In addition, the decay of maternally derived antibodies in saliva samples collected from infants was readily observed using this immunoassay, demonstrating the assay's sensitivity and potential for use in measuring antibody kinetics. We posit that this assay represents a climate stable, non-invasive tool that can aid in the surveillance and study of pathogen-specific immunity across a broad range of public-health indications.

Identifiers

PMID41867201
PMCPMC13001388

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.