ArticleBalkan medical journal2026
Rheumatoid Arthritis Burden in Middle-Aged Adults (40-59 Years): Evidence from the Global Burden of Disease 2021.
Article in Balkan medical journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Although global assessments of RA have been reported, age-specific estimates focusing on middle-aged adults [(MAA); 40-59 years] remain limited. Aims: To quantify the global, regional, and temporal burden of RA among MAA from 1990 to 2021 and project age-standardized trends through 2050. Study Design: A population-based descriptive epidemiological study using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 estimates. Methods: GBD 2021 data (1990-2021) were used to estimate age-standardized incidence (ASIR), prevalence (ASPR), mortality (ASMR), and disability-adjusted life-year rates (ASDR) per 100,000 population among MAA. Temporal trends were assessed using joinpoint regression and expressed as the average annual percentage change (AAPC). Projections to 2050 were generated using a Bayesian age-period-cohort model. Burden patterns were summarized across sociodemographic index (SDI) quintiles and 21 GBD regions. Results: In 2021, the global ASIR, ASPR, ASMR, and ASDR among MAA were 19.53, 368.73, 0.19, and 56.74 per 100,000 population, respectively. From 1990 to 2021, ASIR and ASPR increased (AAPC = 0.24% and 0.43%), ASMR decreased (AAPC = -1.70%), and ASDR showed minimal net change (AAPC = 0.05%). Substantial variation was observed across SDI quintiles and GBD regions; SDI was positively correlated with ASIR and ASPR and negatively correlated with ASMR. Projections to 2050 indicated an ASIR of 19.22, an ASPR of 367.47, an ASMR of 0.111, and an ASDR of 52.18 per 100,000, with widening credible intervals over time. Conclusion: Between 1990 and 2021, the RA burden among MAA was characterized by increasing ASIR and ASPR, declining ASMR, and relatively stable ASDR. Projections suggest that ASIR and ASPR will remain near recent levels, whereas ASMR and ASDR will show lower median values over time.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.