ArticleGut pathogens2026
Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei among children under five in Kenya's urban informal settlement.
Article in Gut pathogens, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundShigella species are a significant global public health threat with the highest burden of Shigella-associated diarrhoea in children under five years of age, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Given the high burden of shigellosis in these settings, there is a need for continuous surveillance to identify the prevalent species, risk factors, and determine appropriate intervention strategies.
methodsThis study aimed to determine the prevalence of Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri) and Shigella sonnei (S. sonnei), assess risk factors and identify Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) genes present in samples positive for either species among children under five in Mukuru informal settlement. Between August 2023 and November 2024, 386 children presenting with diarrhoea at any of the four selected health facilities in Mukuru were enrolled. Stool samples or rectal swabs were collected and subjected to TaqMan Polymerase Chain Reaction (TAC PCR) for the detection of S. flexneri, S. sonnei and selected AMR genes. Case Report Forms (CRF) and structured questionnaires were used to collect medical history, behavioural and socioeconomic data, respectively.
resultsThe prevalence of S. flexneri and S. sonnei among the 386 participants was 15.54% (60/386). Positivity for S. flexneri and S. sonnei by age group was highest among children aged 12-23 months (24.84%, 40/161) and lowest among those aged 24-59 months (2.08%, 2/96). S. flexneri was the most prevalent species, with serotypes 2 and X being the most detected. Among the samples positive for S. flexneri and S. sonnei, the mphA gene was detected in 98.33% (59/60), the β-lactamase gene CTX-M1-9 was present in 85% (51/60), and CTX-M2-8-25 was identified in 26.67% (16/60) of samples. Age (aOR = 1.025, 95% CI: 1.003-1.047, P = 0.027) and obtaining vegetables from the market (aOR = 2.737, 95% CI: 1.081-6.930, P = 0.034) were significantly associated with shigellosis.
conclusionsThese findings show that shigellosis due to S. flexneri and S. sonnei remains a significant contributor to the burden of diarrheal disease, particularly among young children. The high prevalence of AMR genes, especially mphA and CTX-M β-lactamases, indicates widespread resistance to macrolides and extended-spectrum β-lactams. Addressing this challenge may require a multifaceted approach, including enhanced antimicrobial resistance surveillance, strengthened Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) interventions, and the potential deployment of Shigella vaccines among vulnerable populations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.