ArticleChild and adolescent psychiatry and mental health2026
Effectiveness of a school-based universal prevention program on self-efficacy and mental health problems in Japanese children: differences between universal- and indicated-level effects.
Article in Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundMental health problems among children and adolescents have been increasing worldwide, highlighting the need for preventive interventions in schools. This study examined the effectiveness of a school-based universal prevention program on self-efficacy and mental health problems in Japanese children using a quasi-experimental design with intervention and control groups.
methodsA total of 1,281 third- and fourth-grade students participated, with 264 assigned to the intervention group and 1,017 to the control group. The intervention group received the Universal Unified Prevention Program for Diverse Disorders (Up2-D2), a 12-session program based on cognitive-behavioral and positive psychological interventions.
resultsA significant universal-level effect was found for positive attitude (a self-efficacy subscale), which improved over time in the intervention group but not in the control group. At the indicated level, a Time × Group interaction was observed for depressive symptoms among children with elevated baseline depression; however, the group effect at Time 4 did not reach statistical significance after covariate adjustment. Effect sizes at Time 4 were small for positive attitude at the universal level (g = 0.19) and small-to-moderate for depressive symptoms at the indicated level (g = 0.36).
conclusionsThese findings suggest that Up2-D2 may promote positive attitude at the universal level, while potential indicated-level benefits for depressive symptoms may warrant further confirmation. Evaluating outcomes in both general and at-risk subgroups may help clarify for whom and on which outcomes universal school-based prevention programs are most beneficial.
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