ArticleBMC infectious diseases2026
Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus in individuals on antiretroviral therapy in a Nigerian tertiary hospital.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundCytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus with nearly universal seroprevalence in sub-Saharan Africa. In people living with HIV, CMV contributes to immune activation, systemic inflammation, and accelerated immune dysfunction despite virologic suppression on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Data on CMV-HIV co-infection remain scarce in North-East Nigeria, where fragile health systems and late presentation to care are common.
methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study among 181 adults with confirmed HIV receiving ART at the Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected using structured questionnaires and patient records. Serum samples were tested for CMV immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies using ELISA. CD4 + T-cell counts and HIV viral load were measured using flow cytometry and real-time PCR.
resultsAll participants (181/181; 100%) were CMV IgG positive, confirming universal prior exposure. CMV IgM seropositivity-indicating recent or ongoing infection-was detected in 58 of 181 participants (32.1%). IgM-positive cases were distributed across all age groups and were more frequent among women. Patterns of IgM seropositivity across CD4 + T-cell and viral load categories reflected the underlying distribution of clinical characteristics in the cohort.
conclusionThis study provides the first evidence of universal CMV exposure and a substantial prevalence of recent or reactivated infection among adults with HIV on ART in North-East Nigeria. The presence of CMV IgM positivity in a clinically stable, largely virologically suppressed population highlights CMV's persistent immunologic relevance. Further research using molecular assays is warranted to clarify the role of CMV reactivation in immune dysfunction and long-term ART outcomes. CLINICAL TRIAL: Not applicable.
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