Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41863741›Full record

ArticleTheoretical medicine and bioethics2026

A structured analysis of the concept of brain death.

Rainer J Beckmann

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Theoretical medicine and bioethics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Not a Reliable Method for Determining Death.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

1 author.

Rainer J BeckmannFachgebiet Geschichte, Theorie und Ethik der Medizin, Mannheim, Germany. rainer.beckmann@medma.uni-heidelberg.de.ORCID 0009-0003-9159-1829

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The tests and procedures used to determine death must be consistent with a coherent concept of death. This concept includes the subject of death, the definition of death, the sign/criterion of death, and the methods used to diagnose death. All four levels must logically build on one another. Additionally, any concept of death must align with the generally accepted meaning of the term "death" in everyday language. Judged by these standards, the current guidelines for determining death based on neurological criteria are not convincing: brain death does not indicate the disintegration of the human organism, and intensive care keeps patients alive and does not 'mask' death. Furthermore, 'permanent' loss of organ function can never reliably indicate death. Thus, the criterion and the definition of death do not match.

Indexed as

Brain DeathDeathHumansTerminology as TopicBrain deathCriterion of deathDeathDefinition of deathDisintegrationIrreversibilityOrganism as a whole

Identifiers

PMID41863741
PMCPMC13102739

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.