ArticleSchizophrenia bulletin2026
Measuring feelings of dehumanization in people who experience psychosis: development and validation of the self-Dehumanization in Psychosis Scale (DiPS).
Article in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
background and hypothesisSelf-dehumanization is the experience of feeling less or other than human, and is known to be experienced by people with psychosis. Existing measures of self-dehumanization are limited in their applicability to psychosis, and have not been developed with people with lived experience. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a measure of self-dehumanization in psychosis in partnership with key stakeholder groups. STUDY
designFirstly, domains were specified based on review of existing theories of self-dehumanization and qualitative research on self-dehumanization in psychosis. Secondly, items were generated from a systematic literature review of existing measures of self-dehumanization, transcripts from qualitative research on self-dehumanization in psychosis, and lived experience consultations. Third, items were reduced and revised in a Delphi study (n = 49). Fourth, cognitive interviews (n = 9) were conducted to improve comprehensibility and further revise items. Finally, in psychometric validation, the DiPS underwent exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, item reduction, and reliability and validity assessment (n = 456). STUDY
resultsThe 13-item DiPS was developed. Both two- and four-factor solutions were tested; the four-factor solution, comprising Humanity, Identity, Personhood, and Agency, demonstrated optimal fit. The DiPS showed strong construct validity, correlating positively with internalized stigma, paranoid thoughts, and voice-hearing, and negatively with self-compassion. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency were excellent.
conclusionsThe DiPS is a reliable and valid measure of self-dehumanization in psychosis. This novel measure can be used in research and clinical practice to better understand distress in psychosis.
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