Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41862976›Full record

ArticleInternational journal for equity in health2026

Exploring the use of translation technologies to overcome language barriers in mental healthcare: a qualitative cross-country study.

Annika Kreienbrinck, Saskia Hanft-Robert, Muhammed-Talha Topçu, Lena Peters, Ovidiu Oltean, Asithandile Nozewu, Houda Al-Kalaf, Andrian Liem, Alina Ioana Forray, Rowan Madzamba and 8 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in International journal for equity in health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Annika KreienbrinckDepartment of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Building West 26, 20246, Hamburg, Germany. a.kreienbrinck@uke.de.
Saskia Hanft-RobertDepartment of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Building West 26, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
Muhammed-Talha TopçuDepartment of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Building West 26, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
Lena PetersDepartment of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Building West 26, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
Ovidiu OlteanFaculty of Political, Administrative and Communication Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Asithandile NozewuDepartment of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Houda Al-KalafFaculty of Humanities, Institute for Language Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Andrian LiemJeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
Alina Ioana ForrayFaculty of Political, Administrative and Communication Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Rowan MadzambaDepartment of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Leslie SwartzDepartment of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Christine AnthonissenDepartment of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Ted SandersFaculty of Humanities, Institute for Language Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Brian HallThe Center for Global Health Equity, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
Barbara SchoutenFaculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Amsterdam School of Communication Science (ASCoR), Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Christopher JenksFaculty of Humanities, Institute for Language Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Răzvan CherecheșDepartment of Public Health, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Mike MöskoDepartment of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Building West 26, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundLanguage barriers in healthcare continue to pose major challenges to equitable, high-quality care, particularly in mental health settings where communication is central to diagnosis, therapeutic alliance, and treatment planning. Translation technologies, including machine translation applications, offer potential solutions, but their real-world usability in mental health care remains underexplored. This cross-country qualitative study examined the experiences, attitudes, needs, and suggestions regarding the use of translation technologies to overcome language barriers in mental health care.

methodsSemi-structured interviews were conducted with 175 participants, including healthcare providers, interpreters, service users, supporters, and stakeholders (e.g., policymakers, community organisation representatives), across five countries: Germany, South Africa, Romania, the Netherlands, and China. The data were analysed thematically using a hybrid deductive-inductive approach, with Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems model applied as a sensitising framework.

resultsSix overarching themes emerged: (1) perceived effectiveness and limitations of translation tools, (2) cultural, linguistic, and social fit, (3) human aspects of communication and care, (4) ethical and attitudinal dimensions, (5) implementation and improvement pathways, and (6) access barriers. Participants often found the translation tools to be helpful for basic communication but inadequate for complex or emotional interactions central to mental health care. Key concerns included translation accuracy limitations, cultural inappropriateness, reduced empathy and trust, data protection issues, and poor workflow integration. Infrastructure constraints, institutional barriers, and lack of formal guidance hindered effective implementation. Participants emphasised the importance of hybrid models combining technology with human interpreters, tailored training, and clear policy frameworks to address these challenges.

conclusionTranslation technologies can help bridge language gaps in mental healthcare, particularly in urgent or resource-constrained settings. However, their effective use remains highly context-dependent and constrained by technical, ethical, relational, and infrastructural challenges. Adequate and equitable implementation requires system-level investment, participatory design, and safeguards that protect both the emotional and cultural dimensions of communication, among others. Translation tools should be seen as supplementary, not substitutive, in delivering safe and person-centred mental healthcare. CLINICAL

trial registrationNot applicable.

Indexed as

Communication BarriersMental Health ServicesTranslatingAdultAgedChinaFemaleGermanyHealth Services AccessibilityHumansMaleMedical InterpretingMiddle AgedNetherlandsQualitative ResearchSouth AfricaCross-country studyDigital healthEquity in healthcareHealth communicationLanguage barriersMachine translationMental healthcareMultilingualismQualitative researchTranslation technologies

Identifiers

PMID41862976
PMCPMC13064012

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.