Overview of multi-omics approaches for pulmonary sarcoidosis.

Purpose: Here, we review recent findings in the transcriptome, proteome, metabolomics, and microbiome of pulmonary sarcoidosis and highlight differentially expressed genes, specific pathways, mechanisms, microorganisms, metabolites, and targeted therapeutics in the field. Recent findings: The transcriptome and proteome of pulmonary sarcoidosis have been widely studied in recent years. Many differentially expressed genes and signaling pathways have been identified. Several proteins have been identified as potential molecular markers of pulmonary sarcoidosis. The microorganisms and metabolites of patients with sarcoidosis also have certain specificity. We compared pulmonary sarcoidosis with other diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, tuberculosis, and chronic beryllium disease, and found some differential diagnoses. Based on the identified pathways and mechanisms, targeted therapeutic strategies have been proposed. Summary: Many differentially expressed genes have been identified, including CBX8, CCL5, CXCL9, CXCL11, GBP1, GBP5, LINC01278, MMP12, PSMB9, STAT1, and TLE3, as well as the related enriched pathways, such as the IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-17, MHC, T-cell receptor, TNF, Th1, and Th2 signaling pathways. Proteins such as ABCG1, Apo A-I, CXCR5, MMP12, PD-1, PPARγ, and vitamin D-binding protein, together with the Fc galactosylation status of IgG4, are potential molecular markers for pulmonary sarcoidosis. Many specific microorganisms and metabolites in patients with sarcoidosis have also been found. Targeted drugs such as infliximab, nintedanib and rituximab have been proposed according to the discovered pathways and mechanisms.